Moderate Minimum Wages: more Good than Harm合理的最低工资标准：利大于弊 下雨和见你MINIMUM-WAGE laws have a long history and enduring political appeal. New Zealand pioneered the first national pay floor in 1894. America’s federal minimum wage dates from 1938. Most countries now have a statutory pay floor —and the ranks are still swelling. Even Germany, one of the few big countries without, may at last introduce a national one. And in an era of budget austerity and widening inequality, the political temptation to prop up wages at the bottom by laws may well grow. 最低工资法有着悠久的历史并背负着持久的政治诉求。新西兰在1894年率先制定了第一个全国性的最低工资标准。美国联邦最低工资标准可以追溯到1938年。世界上大多数国家目前都有法定的最低工资标准——而且越来越多的国家正在加入到这一行列中来。即便是德国——几个为数不多没有制定此类法律的大国之一——有可能最终会引入国家最低工资标准。在一个预算紧缩和不平等现象日益扩大的时代，通过法令支持最低工资的政治诱惑可能会让各国越来越难以抗拒。(pay floor / wages at the bottom春节高速公路免费时间最低工资) Economists have tended to oppo minimum wages on the grounds thatthey reduce employment, hurting many of tho they are suppod to help. Milton Friedman called them a form of discrimination against low-skilled workers. In standard models of competitive markets, anything that artificially rais the price of labor will curb demand for it, and the first to lo their jobs will be the least-skilled workers. 一直以来, 经济学家往往对最低工资持反对态度，他们的理由是最低工资会减少就业机会，对那些本应该受到帮助的人产生不利影响。米尔顿•弗里德曼（Milton Friedman）将它们称之为是一种对低技能工人有形的歧视。在标准竞争市场模型中，任何人为地提高劳动力价格的因素都将抑制对劳动力的需求，而最先失业的将会是工作技能最低下的劳动者。 Yet economic theory allows for the possibility that wage floors can boost both employment and pay. If employers have monopsony power as buyers of labor and are able to t wages, for instance, they can keep pay below its competitive rate. Academic supporters of wage floors, mainly economists on the left, appealed to this logic. But most of their colleagues disagreed; and until about 1990, most empirical studies found that higher minimum wages cost jobs, particularly among young workers. 然而经济学理论中存在工资下限能够促进就业和提高雇主支付报酬水平的可能性。比如说，如果作为劳动力购买方的雇主拥有买方垄断权力并且能够设定薪资，那么他们就能够将付给工人的报酬维持在低于竞争价格的水平之下。学术界对工资下限持支持态度的人多为左派经济学家，正是他们提出了这个逻辑。但是他们的大多数同行却并不这么认为；直到1990年左右，几乎所有的实例研究都发现较高的最低工资水平会减少工作岗位，尤其是对年轻工人。 Then a pioneering ca study by two noted labor economists, David Card and Alan Krueger, examined the respon offast-food restaurants to a ri in New Jery’s state minimum wage. It found that this had actually incread employment. The paper spawned a flood ofsimilar “ca-study” rearch, and a heated academic debate. Almost two decades later, the minimum-wage debate has matured, not least becau policy changes have brought heaps of new evidence to analyze. Britain introduced a national minimum wage in 1999. America’s states saw numerous adjustments in their minimum wages, and the federal floor was raid by 40% between 2007 and 2009. 接着两位著名的劳动力经济学家大卫•卡德（David Card）和阿兰•克鲁格（Alan Krueger）开创性地开展了一项案例研究，他们调查了快餐店对新泽西州州立最低工资水平上升所做出的回应。该项研究发现最低工资水平的上升实际上增加了就业。这篇论文引发了大量类似“案例研究”的研究 ，以及激烈的学界争论。几乎过了20年之后，最低工资之争才渐臻完善，政策的调整带来大量有待分析的新证据是相当重要的原因。英国在1999年实行了国家最低工资标准。美国各州的州立最低工资标准经历过数次的调整，而且联邦工资下限在2007年至2009年间上升了40%。 America’s academics still do not agree on the employment effects. But both sides have honed their methods and, in some ways, the gap between them has shrunk. Messrs Card and Krueger moved on to other work, but Arindrajit Dube at the University of Massachutts-Amherst and Michael Reich of the University of California at Berkeley have generalized the ca-study approach, comparing restaurant employment across all contiguous counties with different minimum-wage levels between 1990 and 2006. They found no adver effects on employment from a higher minimum wage. They also argue that if rearch showed such effects, the mostly reflected other differences between American states and had nothing to do with the minimum wage. 美国学术界依然无法对就业受到的影响达成一致的观点。但是争论双方的研究方法都已纯熟，在某种程度上，他们之间的分歧有所缓解。卡德和克鲁格教授转而进行其它的研究，但是美国马萨诸塞州阿姆赫斯特大学（University of Massachutts-Amherst）的助理教授阿林德拉吉特•杜伯（Arindrajit Dube）和美国加州大学伯克利分校（University of California at Berkeley ）的教授麦克•瑞斯（Michael Reich）拓展了案例研究方法的运用，他们交叉对比了几个县的餐厅的就业情况, 文言名句这几个相邻的县在1990年至2006年间采取了不同的最低工资标准。他们发现较高的最低工资没有对就业产生不利影响。他们还认为：如果调查研究显示出这样不良影响，这通常反应出美国各州间的其它差异，而与最低工资没有任何的关系。 Messrs Neumark and Wascher still demur. They have published stacks of studies (and a book) purporting to show that minimum wages hit jobs. In a forthcoming paper they defend their methods and argue that the evidence still favors their view. But even they are no longer blanket opponents. In a 2011 paper they pointed out that a higher minimum wage along with the Earned Income Tax Credit boosted both employment and earnings for single women with children (though it cost less-skilled, minority men jobs). 纽马克和瓦歇尔教授仍然持有异议。他们发布了大量的研究成果（以及一本书）意图说明最低工资会减少就业机会。在一篇即将发表的论文中，他们为自己的研究方法做了辩解，而且认为这些证据依然支持他们的观点。即便如此，他们也不再持全盘否定的态度了。在2011年发表的一篇论文中，他们指出较高的最低工资和收入税收抵免提高了单身母亲的就业率以及收入（虽然这是以工作技能较为欠缺的少数族裔男性的工作机会为代价）。 Britain’s experience offers another t of insights. The country’s national minimum wage was introduced at 46% of the median wage, slightly higher than America’s. A lower floor applied to young people. Both are adjusted annually on the advice of the Low Pay Commission. Before the law took effect, worries about potential damage to employment were widespread. Yet today the connsus is that Britain’s minimum wage has done little or no harm. 英国经验为这场争论提供了另一系列的见解。英国国家最低工资是平均工资的46%，略高于美国的最低工资。针对年轻人实施的最低工资标准略低一些。这两项标准每年均在低薪委员会（Low Pay Commission）提出的建议上做出调整。在法令生效前，人们普遍担心该法令会对就业产生潜在的不利影响。但现在人们一致认为英国实行的最低工资标准根本就不会对就业产生负面影响。 The most striking impact of Britain’s minimum wage has been on the spread of wages. Not only has it pushed up pay for the bottom 5% of workers, but it also ems to have boosted earnings further up the income scale—and thus reduced wage inequality. Wage gaps in the bottom half of Britain’s pay scale have shrunk sharply since the late 1990s. A new study by a trio of British labor-market economists (including one at the Low Pay Commission) attributes much of that contraction to the minimum wage. Wage inequality fell more for women (a higher proportion of whom are on the minimum wage) than for men and the effect was most pronounced in low-wage parts of Britain. 英国最低工资标准对工资差距所产生的影响最为显著。不仅提高了处于底部5%的工人的报酬，而且从下往上沿着收入的等级将各级的收入都提升了——从而减少了薪资的不平等。英国薪级表下半部分的薪资差距自上世纪九十年代后期以来已急剧缩小。三位英国劳动力市场经济学家（一位在低薪委员为任职）开展的新研究将这一差距的缩小归功于最低工资标准的应用。针对妇女出现的薪资不平等现象有所减少（妇女领取最低工资的比例较高），减少的幅度高于男性；而且这一效果在英国低薪资的地区最为显著。 |
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