Cabinet of the United Kingdom
蓝天白云的唯美短句The Cabinet of the United Kingdom is the collective decision-making body of Her Majesty's Government of the United Kingdom, compod of the Prime Minister and some 22 Cabinet Ministers, the most nior of the government ministers.
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Ministers of the Crown, and especially Cabinet Ministers, are lected primarily from the elected members of Hou of Commons, and also from the Hou of Lords, by the Prime Minister. Cabinet Ministers are heads of government departments, mostly with the office of "Secretary of State for [function, e.g. Defence]". The collective co-ordinating function of the Cabinet is reinforced by the statutory position that all the Secretaries of State jointly hold the same office, and can exerci the same powers.[1]
The Cabinet is the ultimate decision-making body of the executive within the Westminster system of government in traditional constitutional theory. This interpretation was originally put across in the work of nineteenth century constitutionalists such as Walter Bagehot, who described the Cabinet as the 'efficient cret' of the British political system in his book The English Constitution. The political and decision-making authority of the cabinet has been gradually reduced over the last veral decades, wit
h some claiming its role has been usurped by a "Prime Ministerial" (i.e. more "presidential") government.[2]
The Cabinet is the executive committee of Her Majesty's Privy Council, a historic body which has legislative, judicial and executive functions, and who large membership includes members of the Opposition. Its decisions are generally implemented either under the existing powers of individual government departments, or by Orders in Council.
Until at least the sixteenth century, individual Officers of State had parate property, powers and responsibilities granted with their parate offices by Royal Command, and the Crown and the Privy Council constituted the only co-ordinating authorities. In England, phras such as "cabinet counl", meaning advice given in private, in a cabinet in the n of a small room, to the monarch, occur from the late 16th century, and, given the non-standardid spelling of the day, it is often hard to distinguish whether "council" or "counl" is meant.[3] The OED credits Francis Bacon in his Essays (1605) with the first u of "Cabinet council", where it is described as a foreign habit, of which he disapproves: "For which inconveniences, the doctrine of Italy, and practice of France, in some kings’ times, hath introduced cabinet counls; a remedy wor than the dia".[4] Charles I began a formal "Cabinet Council" from his accession in 1625, as his Privy Council, or "private counci
l", was evidently not private enough[citation needed], and the first recorded u of "cabinet" by itlf for such a body comes from 1644, and is again hostile and associates the term with dubious foreign practis.[3] The process has repeated itlf in recent times, as Prime Ministers have felt the need to have a Kitchen Cabinet.
Since the reign of King George I the Cabinet has been the principal executive group of British government. Both he and George II made u of the system, as both were non-native English speakers, unfamiliar with British politics, and thus relied heavily on lected groups of advirs. The term "minister" came into being since the royal officers "ministered" to the sovereign. The name and institution have been adopted by most English-speaking countries, and the Council of Ministers or similar bodies of other countries are often informally referred to as cabinets.
The modern Cabinet system was t up by Prime Minister David Lloyd George during his premiership 1916–1922, with a Cabinet Office and Secretariat, committee structures, unpublished Minutes, and a clearer relationship with departmental Cabinet Ministers. (The formal procedures, practice and proceedings of the Cabinet remain largely unpublished, if not cret.)
This development grew out of the exigencies of the First World War, where faster and better co-ordin
ated decisions across Government were en as a crucial part of the war effort. Decisions on mass conscription, co-ordination worldwide with other governments across international theatres, and armament production tied into a general war strategy that could be developed and overen from an inner "War Cabinet". The country went through successive cris after the war: the 1922–1926 General Strike; the Great Depression of 1929–32; the ri of communist Bolshevism after 1917 and Fascism after 1922; the Spanish Civil War 1936 onwards; the invasion of Abyssinia 1936; the League of Nations Crisis which followed; and the re-armament and resurgence of Germany from 1933, leading into another World War. All the demanded a highly organid and centralid Government bad around the Cabinet.
好课件官网This centralisation inevitably enhanced the power of the Prime Minister, who moved from being the primus inter pares of the Asquith Cabinets of 1906 onwards, with a glittering t of huge individual talents leading powerful departments, to the dominating figures of David Lloyd George, Stanley Baldwin and Winston Churchill.
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分租Composition
不为谁而作的歌歌词Cabinet Ministers, like all Ministers, are appointed and may be dismisd by the monarch at pleasure (that is, they may be dismisd
without notice or reason given, although normally they are given a courteous option to resign), on the advice of the Prime Minister. The allocation and transfer of responsibilities between ministers and departments is also generally at the Prime Ministers' discretion. The Cabinet has always been led by the Prime Minister, who unpaid office as such was traditionally described as merely primus inter pares (first among equals), but today the Prime Minister is clearly the preeminent head of government, with the power to appoint and dismiss Cabinet ministers and to control the Cabinet's agenda. The extent to which the Government is collegial presumably varies with political conditions and individual personalities.
Any change to the composition of the Cabinet involving more than one appointment is customarily referred to as a reshuffle; a routine reshuffle normally occurs every summer. The total number of ministers allowed to be paid as "Cabinet ministers" is limited by the (Ministerial and Other Salaries Act 1975), and this has caud successive Prime Ministers problems, and accounts for some of the unusual regular attendees at Cabinet, who are not paid as Cabinet ministers. The number in addition to the Prime Minister, currently 22,[5] fluctuates between 21 and 23.
The Cabinet Secretary is neither a Secretary of State or other minister, nor a member of the Cabinet, but is the professional Head of Her Majesty's Civil Service. (The Cabinet Secretaries of the devolved
Scottish Government are Scottish Ministers, unrelated to the U.K. Cabinet).
In formal constitutional terms, the Cabinet is a committee of the Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council. All Cabinet members are created Privy Counllors on appointment (if they are not already Privy Counllors), but only lected Privy Counllors are appointed
to the Cabinet or invited to attend. MPs in the Cabinet therefore u the style "The Right Honourable"; Privy Counllors in the Hou of Lords place the letters "PC" after their names to distinguish themlves, since all peers are "The Right Honourable" or hold a higher style as of right.
Recently the Cabinet has been made up almost entirely of members of the Hou of Commons. The Leader of the Hou of Lords is necessarily a member of the Hou of Lords and the Lord Chancellor was, until recently, always a member of the Hou of Lords, however the current holder is a member of the Hou of Commons, but otherwi it is now rare for a peer to sit in the Cabinet. Until the re-appointment to the cabinet of Lord Mandelson on 3 October 2008, the former Leader of the Lords, Lady Amos, was the last peer to sit in any other Cabinet post, as Secretary of State for International Development from May to October 2003. Before then, the last Secretary of State for a major department drawn from the Lords was Lord Young of Graffham, rving between 1985 and 19
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89 as Secretary of State for Employment until 1987 and Secretary of State for Trade and Industry until 1989. The number of junior ministers who are peers has incread since 1997.
Occasionally cabinet members are lected from outside the Hous of Parliament and if necessary granted a peerage. Harold Wilson appointed Frank Cousins and Patrick Gordon Walker to the 1964 cabinet despite their not being MPs at the time. On 3 October 2008 Peter Mandelson, at the time of appointment not a member of either Hou, became Secretary of State for Business, Enterpri and Regulatory Reform and was immediately made a life peer. During the First World War, the South African politician Jan Smuts rved in Lloyd George's War Cabinet without ever becoming a member of either Hou of the British Parliament.
There are some 100 junior members of the Government who are not members of the Cabinet, including Ministers of State and Parliamentary Under-Secretaries of State; and unpaid Parliamentary Private Secretaries are in practice apprentice ministers on the payroll vote. Some of them may be Privy Counllors, or may be appointed to the Privy Council as a mark of distinction, without becoming Cabinet Ministers. Equally, some junior ministers below Cabinet level may be invited to all Cabinet meetings as a matter of cour. The Attorney General for England and Wales together with the chair of the governing political party, are customarily included, and other members of the Govern
ment can be invited at the Prime Minister's discretion, either regularly or ad-hoc.
疙瘩的意思In recent years, more non-members of Her Majesty's Government have been permitted by the Prime Minister to attend Cabinet meetings on a regular basis, notably Alastair Campbell in his capacity as Director of Communications and Strategy between 1997 and 2003, and Jonathan Powell the Chief of Staff to the Prime Minister under Tony Blair, with a distinctly parate role from the Cabinet Secretary/Head of the Civil Service.
Meetings of the cabinet
The Cabinet meets on a regular basis, usually weekly on a Thursday morning notionally to discuss the most important issues of government policy, and to make decisions. Despite the custom of meeting on a Thursday, after the appointment of Gordon Brown as Prime Minister the meeting day was switched to Tuesday.[6] However, since becoming prime minister, David Cameron has held his cabinet meetings on Thursdays again. The length of meetings varies according to the style of the Prime Minister and political
