When I was preparing the postgraduate entrance examination of NNU(Nanjing Normal University),some of the following concepts had been tested,but there's no specific or clear explanation in the textbook required by the university.As in preparing the cond-round examination I read them in other relevant books, I wrote down here for your reference.Hope they are uful to some of you.
1. Acculturation(同化过程） is a process in which members of one cultural group adopt the beliefs and behaviors of another group.
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2. Adjacency pair（相邻语对）;a quence of two utterances by different speakers in conversation. The cond is a respon to the first, such as question/answer quences and greeting/greeting exchange.
3. affix: a bound morpheme that is attached to a stem and modifies its meaning in some way.
4. agreement (concord)（一致）: a grammatical phenomenon in which the form of one wo
rd in a ntence is determined by the form of another word which is grammatically linked to it. E.g. in the ntence The boy goes to school every day.There is an agreement in number between boy雷达干扰 and goes.
5.articulators（发音器官): the tongue,lips,and velum, which change the shape of the vocal tract to produce different speech sounds.
6.aspect(体）: the grammatical category reprenting distinction in the temporal structure of an event. English has two aspect construction---the perfect and the progressive.(完成体和进行体)
7.aspiration(吐气）; the puff of air that sometimes follows the pronounciation of a stop consonant. E.g. /p/ in the word pit.
8.consonant（辅音）; a speech sound produced by partial or complete closure of part of the vocal tract, thus obstructing the airflow and creating audible friction. Consonants are described in terms of voicing, place of articulation, and manner of articulation.
9. converstional implicature（会话含义）:诸葛亮有哪些故事 meanings that are explicable in the light of converational maxims.怎么拜年
胡不10.communicative competence（交际能力）; the ability to u language appropriately in social situations.
11. constituent（成分）: a syntactic unit that functions as part of a large unit within a ntence; typical constituent types are verb phra, noun phra, prepositional phra and clau.
12.ca(格)：the grammatical category in inflectional languages by which the form of a noun or noun phra varies for grammatical or mantic reasons. English has only one ca distinction in nouns—the genitive ca(所有格), but English pronouns have three forms that correspond to three of the six cas in Latin.
13.clau（小句）: a grammatical unit that contains a subject and a predicate. It may be a ntence or part of a ntence.
14.clod class（封闭词类）: a group of words who membership is small and does not readily accept new members.
15.coinage（创新词）: the construction and addition of new words.
16.distribution(分布）: the t of positions in which a given linguistic element or form can appear in a language.
17.duality（双重结构）: a type of double-layer structure in which a small number of meaningless units are combined to produce a large number of meaningful units.
18.entailment（包含）; the relationship between two ntences where the truth of one(the cond) is inferred from the truth of the other.
19.euphemism（委婉语）: a word or phra that replaces a taboo word or is ud to avoid reference to certain acts or powder room for toilet.
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20.garden path ntence（花园小径句）: a ntence in which the comprehender assu
mes a particular meaning of a word or a phra but later discovers that the assumption was incorrect, forcing the comprehender to backtrack and reinterpret the ntence
21.free variation;(自由变异) a relation between two speech sounds such that either one can occur in a certain position and the substitution of one for the other never makes any difference in the meaning of the word. For instance, the unexploded(失去爆破) stop /d/ in the phra Good morning is in free varitation with the exploded(爆破)counterpart.
22.inflection（屈折变化）: the morphological process by which affixes combine with words or stems to indicate such grammatical categories as ten or plurity.
23.government（支配）: the grammatical phonomenon in which the prence of a particular word in a ntence requires a cond word which is grammatical linked with it to appear in a particular form. E.g. a preposition or a verb requires that the pronoun following it be in the objective form,as in with me,to him.
24.language universal赤壁山 (语言共性): any property that is shared by most,if not all, human lanugages.
25.lingua franca: ( 通用语社交恐惧症治疗) A language variety ud for communication among groups of people wo do not otherwi share a common language. For example, English is the lingua franca of the international scientific community.
26.macrosociolinguistics; The study of the effect of language on society.
