名词解释美国文学
泥潭白丝
蝉为谁鸣
Transcendentalism
运动与健康手抄报Following the ri of romanticism, Transcendentalism, which appeared after 1830, marked the maturity of American romanticism and the first renaissance in the American literary history. It expresd a new outlook or new ideas on life.It believed individualism, human beings’ divinity, nature, spiritual life, dignity of manual labor, lf-trust/ lf-reliance, democracy. (1) They laid emphasis on spirit or Oversoul. (2) It placed emphasis on the importance of the individual—the most important element in the society (3) Transcendentalism laid stress on Nature as symbolic of the Spirit of God. (4) It also stresd on community living and the dignity of manual labor as an opposition to mechanization.The most important reprentatives are Emerson and Thoreau
Realism
After the Civil War, people grew scornful of the ntimental feelings of Romanticism. They wanted to mirror the unmitigated realities of life. they sought to describe the wide range of American experience and to prent the subtleties of human personality, to portray characters who were less simply all good or all bad.审配
Realism first appeared in the U.S in the literature of local color, which combined romantic plots and realistic descriptions of things. The greatest of America’s reali sts are Henry James and Mark Twain. In realistic novels, writers pursued accuracy and
completeness of description. Yet the accuracy does not mean that the writer must record in detail everything.
Naturalism
At the end of 19th century, came a generation of writers who ideas of the workings of the univer and who perception of social disorder led them to naturalism. The milestones in the development of American naturalism were the publication of Emile Zola’s novels in the 70s and 80s of the 19th C, the success of Stephen Crane’s The Red Badge of Courage in the 90s, and the continual appearance of Dreir’s Sister Carrie(1900), Financier (1912), and An American Tragedy (1925). In
poetry, it was reprented by Edgar Lee Masters’ Spoon River Anthology (1915), etc.
The main characteristics of naturalistic literature. First, naturalistic writers turned literary creation into a mechanical record of society, and never made comments on the characters and their behaviors. Second, the viewpoint from which naturalistic writers understood problems was “non-moral”, and was not controlled by the contemporary moral and ethical n. They thought there was no difference between “right and wro ng”, between “pure and obscene”. Third, their creative material was infinite. He may take no cret of describing xual love and man’s lfish desire. He may u the any nasty language.龙舟大赛
Imagist movement
Imagist movement: is a movement of English and American poets in revolt from romanticism, eking clarity of expression through the u of preci images. The principles of the imagist manifesto were laid down by Pound in 1913. Principles of Imagis m：1. direct treatment of the “thing” whether subjective or
objective. 2. To u absolutely no word that does not contribute to the prentation. 3. as regarding rhythm: to compo in quence of the musical phra, not in quence of the metronome.
Modernism
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Modernism is ud to show the literary art posssing outstanding characteristics in conception, feeling, form and style after the First World War It mainly makes a feature of “breaking with the traditional Western cultural foundation conscientiously, ca utiously and thoroughly. ” that is to say, the modern wri ters discarded the traditional literary form, subject and technique of expression, but ud totally different imagination to open a new way to take completely new literary creation. To be more exact, modernism means “cutting off history,” a “n of alienation,”
行军蚁吃大象图片a “n of loss” and a “n of despair.” it paid more attention to the individual person and his innate world; compared with lf-consciousness, it paid more attention to “sub-consciousnes s” compared with the scientific deduction, it would rather sing the prais of the mythological heroes.
Black Humor
In contemporary literary criticism, black humor is a term applied to a large group of American novels beginning in the 1950s. Although the writers of black humor did not intentionally form a school of literary movement, there is in their novels a common core of satire that is directed against hypocrisy, materialism, racial prejudice, and above all, the dehumanization of the individual by a modern societ
余姓的来源y. In their opinion, their society is full of institutionalized absurdity. Therefore, all of them hold a cynical attitude toward society and the conventional moral values that support that society. This despondency is reflected in
their novels, not by angry protest, but by the u of exaggeration of the abnormal and the amy side of both people and society to the point of ridiculousness and absurdity. It is humor out of despair and laughter out of tears. Joph Heller is the most important reprentative of this kind.
Local Colorism
It is a type of writing that was popular in the late 19th century, particularly among authors in the American South of the particular region in which the story took place. Local color fiction “exploits the speech, dre ss, mannerisms, habits of thought which are peculiar to a certain region. Local color writing exists primarily for the portrayal of the people and life of a geographical tting” .Local colorism is the detailed reprentation in pro fiction of the ttin g, dialect, customs, dress and ways of thinking and feeling which are distinctive of a particular. Local colorists: Mark Twain, Bret Harte, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Willa Cather, John Steinbeck and William Faulkner.
