Ch. 3 The Basic Structure of a Cell [細胞的基本結構]
Introduction - Cells are basic units of organisms [引言隐藏近义词: 細胞是生物的基本單位]
- Cells are very small in size and can only be obrved under microscope. [細胞很細, 只能用顯微鏡觀察]
- Two basic types of cells: plant cells & animal cells [兩種基本細胞, 植物和動物細胞]
Plant cell: 北京本科includes 白芍的作用与功效Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus.[植物細胞:包括:細胞壁、細胞膜、細胞質、細胞核]
- Cell wall (in plant cells only) – a dead layer [細胞壁(只在植物細胞): 焦生命的一層]
functions - It protects and supports the enclod substances (cytoplasm) in a cell.
[它保護並支撐細胞內的物質(細胞質)]
- It resists the entry of excess water into the cell. [它抗拒水份過度地進入細胞]
- It gives the shape to the cell. [它保持細胞形狀]
characters - It is made of cellulo [特徵: 它由纖維素製成]
- It is strong and rigid [它是強壯而又堅硬的]描述自己的词语
- It is freely (fully) permeable [它有完全透過性的]
- Cell membrane - made of lipids and proteins. [細胞膜: 由脂肪和蛋白質製成]
functions - It controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell. [功能: 它控制物質流出和流入細胞]
characters - It lies immediately beside the cell wall. [特徵: 它的位置在細胞壁旁]
- It is lectively permeable. [它是有選擇性地透過]
- Cytoplasm - It is the jelly-like substance (mainly water and proteins) enclod by cell membrane.
[細胞質: 它是凍膠狀物質(主要包含水份和蛋白質), 由細胞膜包圍 ]
functions - It provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place. [功能: 它提供化學反應的介質]
- It contains organelles (eg. chloroplasts & mitochondria) [它載有細胞器 (例如: 葉綠體、粒線體)]
- Chloroplast - It contains chlorophyll (a green pigment) [葉綠體: 它載有葉綠素 (它是一種綠色色素)]
functions - It (traps/absorbs light energy) produces food (starch & sugar) by photosynthesis.
[功能: 它吸收光能, 以光合作用, 來製造食物(澱粉和糖)]
- Mitochondrion (Mitochondria [pl]) [粒線體]
functions - It carries out cellular respiration (oxidation) to produce energy
[功能: 它進行細胞呼吸(氧化作用), 以製造能量]
- active cells (eg. sperms, liver cells): have more mitochondria.[活躍的細胞(例如: 精子,肝細胞):有更多粒線體]
- Non-living granules: eg.- starch grains (the product of photosynthesis)[非活的小粒:例如: 澱粉粒(光合作用的產品)]
- oil droplets [油小滴]
- crystal of insoluble wastes. [不溶的廢物結晶]
- Vacuole - It is surrounded by tonoplast (membrane around vacuole) [它是被液泡膜(圍繞液泡的膜)诚信宣传所包圍]
- It contains cell sap (a solution of chemicals), so it is called sap vacuole [它含有細胞液, 所以叫液泡]
(chemicals include: sugars, proteins, mineral salts, wastes, pigments, etc.)
[所含的化學品包括: 糖、蛋白質、礦物鹽、廢物、色素、等等]
(Sap vacuole supports the plant cell by turgidity.) [液泡用硬脹, 以支撐植物細胞]
- Nucleus (nuclei [pl]): function - It controls cellular activities. [細胞核: 功能: 它控制細胞活動]
- It is bounded by nuclear membrane [它被核膜所包圍]
- It contains thread-like chromosomes (made by DNA coiled around proteins).
[它含有線狀的染色體(去氧核糖核酸圍繞蛋白質粒而成)]
Chromosomes carry genes: genes control the characteristics of a cell ( 1 gene 1 character).
[染色體攜帶基因: 基因控制細胞的特徵 (宋晓波结婚一個基因控制一個特徵)]
(Gene is a gment of DNA that can control the production of a special kind of protein in the cell.)
[基因是一段去氧核糖核酸, 它可以控制細胞中, 一種特殊蛋白質的製造, 有了這蛋白質就能形成一個特徵]
eg. of plant cells: (1) Onion epidermal cells; (2) root hair cells; (3) guard cells in leaf epidermis; (4) palisade cells in leaf
[植物細胞舉例: (1) 洋蔥表皮細胞; (2) 根毛細胞; (3) 葉表皮上的保衛細胞; (4) 葉子內的柵狀葉肉細胞]
(In drawing of a cell, we u double lines to denote (代表) the cell wall, but a single line to denote the cell membrane.)
[在畫細胞時, 我們用雙線代表細胞壁, 而用單線代表細胞膜]
Animal cell - It has no cell wall & chloroplast. [動物細胞: 它沒有細胞壁和葉綠體]
- It stores glycogen granules and oil droplets in the cytoplasm. [它在細胞質內貯藏糖原小粒和油小滴]
- eg. white blood cells, cheek cells, etc. [例如: 白血球、面頰細胞、等等]
Comparison between plant cells & animal cells: [植物細胞和動物細胞的比較]
- similarities: [相似]
- both have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm [兩者都有細胞膜包圍着細胞質]
- both have a nucleus [兩者都有細胞核]
- both contain mitochondria [纷飞兩者都有粒線體]
- differences : [分別]
Animal cells [動物細胞] 信息英文 | Plant cells [植物細胞] |
no cell wall & chloroplast [沒有細胞壁和葉綠體] | cell wall & chloroplast prent [沒有細胞壁和葉綠體] |
glycogen granules as food store [以糖原作為糧食貯藏] | starch granules as food store [以澱粉作為糧食貯藏] |
vacuoles small or abnt [液泡細小,或是沒有液泡] | large central vacuole [大的, 在中央的液泡] |
irregular shape [不規則的形狀] | regular shape [有規則的形狀] |
nucleus in the center [細胞核在細胞中間] | nucleus at the side. [細胞核在一邊] |
relatively small size [體積比較上細小] | relatively large size [比較上大的體積] |
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