Ch. 3 The Basic Structure of a Cell [细胞的基本结构]

更新时间:2023-05-30 05:20:51 阅读: 评论:0

Ch.  3  The Basic Structure of a Cell   [細胞的基本結構]
Introduction - Cells are basic units of organisms  [引言隐藏近义词: 細胞是生物的基本單位]
- Cells are very small in size and can only be obrved under microscope. [細胞很細, 只能用顯微鏡觀察]
- Two basic types of cells:  plant cells & animal cells  [兩種基本細胞, 植物和動物細胞]
Plant cell: 北京本科includes 白芍的作用与功效Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus.[植物細胞:包括:細胞壁、細胞膜、細胞質、細胞核]
- Cell wall (in plant cells only) – a dead layer  [細胞壁(只在植物細胞): 焦生命的一層]
    functions - It protects and supports the enclod substances (cytoplasm) in a cell.
              [它保護並支撐細胞內的物質(細胞質)]
            - It resists the entry of excess water into the cell.  [它抗拒水份過度地進入細胞]
            - It gives the shape to the cell.  [它保持細胞形狀]
    characters - It is made of cellulo  [特徵: 它由纖維素製成]
            - It is strong and rigid      [它是強壯而又堅硬的]描述自己的词语
            - It is freely (fully) permeable  [它有完全透過性的]
- Cell membrane - made of lipids and proteins.  [細胞膜: 由脂肪和蛋白質製成]
    functions - It controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell.  [功能: 它控制物質流出和流入細胞]
characters - It lies immediately beside the cell wall.  [特徵: 它的位置在細胞壁旁]
- It is lectively permeable.  [它是有選擇性地透過]
- Cytoplasm - It is the jelly-like substance (mainly water and proteins) enclod by cell membrane.
            [細胞質: 它是凍膠狀物質(主要包含水份和蛋白質), 由細胞膜包圍 ]
    functions - It provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place.  [功能: 它提供化學反應的介質]
- It contains organelles (eg. chloroplasts & mitochondria)  [它載有細胞器 (例如: 葉綠體、粒線體)]
- Chloroplast    - It contains chlorophyll (a green pigment)  [葉綠體: 它載有葉綠素 (它是一種綠色色素)]
        functions - It (traps/absorbs light energy) produces food (starch & sugar) by photosynthesis.
                  [功能: 它吸收光能, 以光合作用, 來製造食物(澱粉和糖)]
- Mitochondrion (Mitochondria [pl])  [粒線體]
        functions - It carries out cellular respiration (oxidation) to produce energy
[功能: 它進行細胞呼吸(氧化作用), 以製造能量]
- active cells (eg. sperms, liver cells): have more mitochondria.[活躍的細胞(例如: 精子,肝細胞):有更多粒線體]
- Non-living granules: eg.- starch grains (the product of photosynthesis)[非活的小粒:例如: 澱粉粒(光合作用的產品)]
- oil droplets  [油小滴]
- crystal of insoluble wastes.  [不溶的廢物結晶]
- Vacuole - It is surrounded by tonoplast (membrane around vacuole)  [它是被液泡膜(圍繞液泡的膜)诚信宣传所包圍]
- It contains cell sap (a solution of chemicals), so it is called sap vacuole  [它含有細胞液, 所以叫液泡]
    (chemicals include: sugars, proteins, mineral salts, wastes, pigments, etc.)
  [所含的化學品包括: 糖、蛋白質、礦物鹽、廢物、色素、等等]
    (Sap vacuole supports the plant cell by turgidity.)  [液泡用硬脹, 以支撐植物細胞]
- Nucleus (nuclei [pl]): function - It controls cellular activities.  [細胞核: 功能: 它控制細胞活動]
- It is bounded by nuclear membrane  [它被核膜所包圍]
- It contains thread-like chromosomes (made by DNA coiled around proteins).
  [它含有線狀的染色體(去氧核糖核酸圍繞蛋白質粒而成)]
    Chromosomes carry genes: genes control the characteristics of a cell ( 1 gene 1 character).
    [染色體攜帶基因: 基因控制細胞的特徵 (宋晓波结婚一個基因控制一個特徵)]
    (Gene is a gment of DNA that can control the production of a special kind of protein in the cell.)
    [基因是一段去氧核糖核酸, 它可以控制細胞中, 一種特殊蛋白質的製造, 有了這蛋白質就能形成一個特徵]
eg. of plant cells: (1) Onion epidermal cells; (2) root hair cells; (3) guard cells in leaf epidermis; (4) palisade cells in leaf
[植物細胞舉例: (1) 洋蔥表皮細胞; (2) 根毛細胞; (3) 葉表皮上的保衛細胞; (4) 葉子內的柵狀葉肉細胞]
(In drawing of a cell, we u double lines to denote (代表) the cell wall, but a single line to denote the cell membrane.)
[在畫細胞時, 我們用雙線代表細胞壁, 而用單線代表細胞膜]
Animal cell - It has no cell wall & chloroplast.  [動物細胞: 它沒有細胞壁和葉綠體]
- It stores glycogen granules and oil droplets in the cytoplasm.  [它在細胞質內貯藏糖原小粒和油小滴]
- eg. white blood cells, cheek cells, etc.  [例如: 白血球、面頰細胞、等等]
Comparison between plant cells & animal cells:  [植物細胞和動物細胞的比較]
- similarities:  [相似]
- both have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm  [兩者都有細胞膜包圍着細胞質]
- both have a nucleus  [兩者都有細胞核]
- both contain mitochondria  [纷飞兩者都有粒線體]
- differences :  [分別]
Animal cells  [動物細胞]
信息英文
Plant cells  [植物細胞]
no cell wall & chloroplast [沒有細胞壁和葉綠體]
cell wall & chloroplast prent [沒有細胞壁和葉綠體]
glycogen granules as food store [以糖原作為糧食貯藏]
starch granules as food store [以澱粉作為糧食貯藏]
vacuoles small or abnt [液泡細小,或是沒有液泡]
large central vacuole [大的, 在中央的液泡]
irregular shape  [不規則的形狀]
regular shape  [有規則的形狀]
nucleus in the center  [細胞核在細胞中間]
nucleus at the side.  [細胞核在一邊]
relatively small size  [體積比較上細小]
relatively large size  [比較上大的體積]

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