动词的语气
-------陈述语气、祈使语气与虚拟语气
语气是动词的一种形式，表示说话人对说话内容的看法和态度。
一、语气的种类
1、陈述语气：表示说话人认为他说的话是事实
They went to visit the Great Wall Y esterday.
He likes chemistry.
What a clever boy he is!
2、祈使语气：表示说话人提出请求、命令、劝告、警告、号召等
Don’t leave today’s work for tomorrow.
Be more careful next time.
Work hard and you will succeed.
Be quick or you’ll be late.
3、虚拟语气：表示说话人认为他所说的话是和事实相反的主观设想或主观愿望。
If I were you, I would study hard.
I wish she had taken my advice.
试比较：
(陈述语气)
我希望他能来北京。（很可能来）
I wish he came to Beijing. (虚拟语气)
我真希望他能来北京。（不可能来，只是表示愿望）
I suggest he come to Beijing. (虚拟语气)
我建议他来北京。（可能来也可能不来，只表示建议）
（陈述语气，可能是候选人说）
（虚拟语气，可能是小学生说）
（陈述语气，得过第一名的人说）
If I won the race, I would buy a car. （虚拟语气，最后一名说）
在陈述语气中，主、从句时间一般要取得一致；而在虚拟语气中，主、从句时间经常不一致，不互相制约，因为表示愿望、假设等。如：
（时间一致，都表示将来）
如果明天下雨，我就不出门了。
（时间不一致，主句表示现在，从句表示过去）如果昨晚下雨的话，现在地上就会是湿的。
二、虚拟语气在条件句中的用法
1、虚拟语气在if条件句中的使用。（表示根本不存在的情况或实现可能性很小的假设）
1）表示与现在事实相反的情况
如果天气好，他们就去游泳了。（事实天气不好）
If we had time now, we should/ would read it again. （should主要用于第一人称）
要是现在我们有空，我们就把它再看一遍。（事实我们现在没空）
If I were rich, I would buy that car.
If I had a car , I should be very happy.
If you took his advice, you might be well soon. (might表示“或许”、“可能”之意) 2
If I had taken his advice, I would not have made such a mistake.
如果我听了他的忠告，就不会犯这样的错误了。（事实上当初我没有听他的忠告）
He wouldn’t have been able to write such a good novel if he hadn’t lived among the workers for so many years. 假如他不是和工人一起生活这么多年，他不可能写出这样好的小说。（事实上当时他和工人生活在一起了）
If I had known her telephone number, I could have called her. （could表示“能够”）
If you had told him that thing yesterday, he might have made some suggestions.
If I had had enough money, I should have bought that car.
If he had hurried, he could have caught the train.
If she should come, I would ask her for help.
(“should+ 动词原形”表示对将来的极大怀疑，意思是“万一”，表示可能性极小。)
万一她来的话，我就请她帮忙。（事实上她来的可能性很小）
If you should drop the glass, it would break. 杯子摔下来会打碎的。（事实上杯子没有摔下来）If I were to go to abroad, I would go to America.
If it should rain tomorrow, I might get lost.
[注意]如果说话人认为if条件句所表示的是事实（客观存在的情况或实现性很大的假设），全句就可以用陈述句语气。
If you do it once more, you will do it better.
如果你再做一遍，你就会做得更好。（事实上完全可以再做一遍）
4)混合虚拟语气
有时从句和主句分别表示发生在不同时间的动作或状态，这时，动词的形式根据它所表示的时间加以调整。
If he had followed the doctor’s advice, he would be quite all right now.
他当时若是听从医生的话，现在就会痊愈了。（从句说明过去，主句说明现在）
If you were to master English, you should have worked hard.
如果你要掌握英语，你本来应该下苦功的。（从句说明将来，主句说明过去）
Y ou could answer most of the questions now if you had reviewed the lesson last night.
如果你昨晚复习功课，现在你就能回答大部分问题。
If he had died in the accident, he couldn’t stand in front of you now.
如果他在那次事故中死去，他现在就不会站在你面前了。
5）在if虚拟条件句句中，如果从句中含有should, had 或were，可以省去if，把should, had 或were移到主语之前。
Should it happen (=If it should happen), what would you do?
如果真发生这样的事，你怎么办呢？
Were I you (=If I were you), I would go. 如果我是你，我就去。
Had he recognized me (= If he had recognized me), he would have come over.
如果他认出了我，早就走过来了。
Were I to go home (=If I were to go home), I would do a lot of homework.
Had he hurried (=If he had hurried), he couldn’t have been late for school.
Should he fail(=If he should fail), he would leave school.
I would have called you had I known your telephone number (=If I had known your
telephone number) .
6) If it were not for + 短语….. 和If it had not been for + 短语…..也是一种条件虚拟
语气从句，意思是“如果不是……”。
If it were not for the guidance of the Party Committee, we should fail.
如果不是党委的指导，我们会失败的。（现在情况）
If it had not been for the help of our teacher, we should not have made so much
progress. 如果不是老师的帮助，我们就不会取得这么大的进步。（已发生的情况）
2、if only…..与only if…….
1) if only 作“只要”讲，引出真实条件句，谓语动词用陈述语气。
If only you work hard, you’ll learn English well.
七年级地理上册
If only it clear up, we’ll go for a picnic.
2) if only 作“如果……就好了”“要是……就好了”讲，引出虚拟条件句，用来表
示强烈的愿望或遗憾，谓语动词用虚拟语气。通常省略主句。
If only she had known where to find you!
If only I could speak veral foreign languages!
If only I were you!
排骨怎么吃
If only I were a bird!
If only you had known about it!
If only the alarm clock had rung!
If only I hadn’t lost it! 要是没丢掉它就好了！
[注意] 谓语动词用一般过去时表示现在没有实现的愿望。
谓语动词用过去完成时表示过去没有实现的愿望。
3）only if 表示“只有在……情况下才能……”，“只有在……条件下才能……”。
谓语动词用陈述语气。
I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。
I told him he would succeed only if he tried hard.
[注意] only if从句如果放在主句前，则主句用倒装语序。
Only if my teacher helps me can I succeed.
三、虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法
1、在动词一个坚持宁愿怂恿打算安排（insist, prefer, urge, intend, arrange）；两个命令
（order, command）；四个建议（suggest, advi, propo, recommend）；五个要求（ask, require, request, demand, desire）等动词的宾语从句，谓语动词要用“（should）+ 动词原形”。
She insisted that we (should) help her.
厚造句He urged that we (should) leave.
Tom ordered that all the people (should) go to the front.
We suggest that the meeting (should) be put off.
The chairman propod that we (should) not discuss the question.
I asked that he (should) come to my office.
The workers demanded that their wages (should) be raid.
I required that the work be done tomorrow.
[注意]①suggest作“表明、暗示”“认为”讲时，从句不用虚拟语气。
Mr. Smith’s oral English suggests that he is from Canada.
Tom came home quickly, which suggested that she has pasd the final exam.
Are you suggesting that I am too old for the job. （认为）
I suggest that he is lying.
②insist 作“坚持认为、坚持说”讲时，后面跟一种事实或客观情况，从句不
用虚拟语气。
He insisted that he had en the film. (坚持认为)
The young man insisted that he had done nothing wrong and be t free.
③表示此类动词相关内容的从句（如主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句），也
使用“（should）+ 动词原形”。
It was suggested that we (should) put the match off.
His suggestion was that we (should) put the match off.
It is requested that Mr. Li (should) give a performance at the party.
2、动词wish 后的宾语从句必须用虚拟语气，表示不可能实现的愿望。其结构如下：
表示笑的四字成语主语+过去式（表示与现在事实相反）
主语+wish+(that) + 主语+过去完成式或could have done（表示与过去事实相反）
主语+could / would /might+动词原形（表示将来不太可能实现的愿望）
I wish I were as strong as you.
I wish I had never met him before.
I wish I could help him.
I wished that I had known that earlier.
I wish now that I had known that yesterday
I wish I could have gone to the movies with you last night.
I wish you would go with us tomorrow.
3、would rather/had rather/ would sooner(宁愿)+从句时，从句须用虚拟语气。
表示现在和将来，用一般过去时I’d rather you came tomorrow.
表示过去，用过去完成时。I’d rather I hadn’t done that.
听课评价4、在“I am surprid /sorry + that从句”和“I regret + that从句”时，从句谓语动词要
利为汇用should，其中should不可省略，意思是“竟然”，表示说话人的惊异、懊悔、失
望等情感。须用虚拟语气。
I am surprid that he should have been so rude to you.
四、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法
开胃酸辣汤
1、在“It is + adj. /n. + that 从句”中，that 从句常常用“(should)+动词原形”。这些形
容词或名词有：strange, surprising, amazing, astonishing, wrong, important, necessary, esntial, natural, natural, possible, probable, ridiculous, desirable, advisable, preferable, urgent, insistent, better, funny, pitiful, eager(热切的)，anxious（急切的），unthinkable(不可想象的) ，a pity, a shame, a thousand pities，no wonder, no right等。
It is necessary that some immediate effort (should) be made. 必须立即采取行动。
草皮种植It is necessary we (should) read English should every morning.
It is important that the program (should) be loaded into computer. 把程序输入计算机非常重要[注意] 在“It is strange (surprising, amazing, astonishing, wrong, a pity, a shame, a thousand pities) that从句”等结构后的that 从句谓语动词要用should，其中should不可省略，意思是“竟然”，表示说话人的惊异、懊悔、失望等情感。
It is quite wrong that the children should be given so much homework to do.
It is a pity that Henry should be so careless.
It is a shame that he should have done such a thing.
2、在It is + 过去分词+ that 从句”中，that 从句须用“(should)+动词原形”。这些
过去分词有：一个坚持宁愿怂恿打算安排（insist, prefer, urge, intend, arrange）；两
个命令（order, command）；四个建议（suggest, advi, propo, recommend）；五个
要求（ask, require, request, demand, desire）等动词的过去分词。
It is desired that we (should) arrive there before dark.
It was propod that the matter (should) be discusd at the next meeting.
It was arranged that the party should be conducted in English.
五、虚拟语气在表语从句中和同位语从句中的用法
1、在insistence, order, command, advice, suggestion, proposal, recommendation, demand ,
desire, requirement, request, motion, plan, idea, decision等词后的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词用“(should)+动词原形”。
The demand is that we (should) work hard. （表语从句）
The order is that the troops (should) withdraw at once. （表语从句）
The requirement is that we (should) keep the rules. （表语从句）
He gave me a suggestion that I (should) leave Chengdu for shanghai at once.（同位语从句）The professor gave orders that the test be finished before 5:30. （同位语从句）
He made the request that the problem should be ttled at once （同位语从句）
2、as if / as though 引导的表语从句或方式状语从句所表达的内容如果与事实情况相反
或发生的可能性不大，则从句中需使用虚拟语气。
如从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时
如从句表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用过去完成时
如从句表示将来发生的可能性不大，谓语动词用would/ might/ could +动词原形
She looks as though she were sick. （表语从句）
It looks as if it might rain. （表语从句）
He looks as if he had just met a ghost. （表语从句）
It ems as if it were winter already. （表语从句）
He talks as if he knew all about it. (方式状语从句)
She acts as though she were an expert. (方式状语从句)
He remained calm as if nothing had happened.(方式状语从句)
He talks about pyramids as though he had en them himlf.(方式状语从句)
She looks after him as if he were her own child.(方式状语从句)
但as if / as though后面的从句有时也可以用陈述语气，表示从句中的情况往往是可能发生的。
It looks as if it is going to rain.
It looks as if our side is going to win.
He walks as if he is drunk. (= He is probably drunk) （真实情况）
He walks as if he were drunk. ( but he is not drunk) （虚拟语气）
