Non-traditional Security Community: A New Exploration of Transnational Security Governance
YU Xiaofeng and WANG Mengting Abstract: With the emergence of numerous complex non-traditional curity issues, the “resource-induced” curity dilemma characterized by being non-military has become increasingly prominent. It is exerting an impact on the existent curity policies and cooperation mechanisms of various governments and transnational organizations too great for the traditional curity community to cope with the new challenges. Reflecting on the theories of the curity community, this paper propos the idea of “non-traditional curity community” by defining its features, types, dynamics, and construction paths. It then expands the theories of multilateral curity cooperation. The non-traditional curity community places emphasis on the shared future of nations when confronted with threats, advocating that union and sharing bad on “generic curity” is an effective solution to the “resource-induced” curity dilemma. With “optimum co-existence”, “shared curity”, and “curity co-governance” as its core categories, “peace-cooperativism” is the value premi for the non-traditional curity community and the “multidimensional-multilateral cooperation” is the best way to build the non-traditional curity community. Meanwhile, China should actively participate in the construction of the non-traditional curity community at sub-regional, regional, and global levels with a view to implementing the idea of “community of shared future”.
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Keywords: resource-induced curity dilemma, non-traditional curity community, multidimensional-multilateral cooperation, curity governance
* T he fi rst draft of this paper was submitted for discussion at the fourth International Studies Forum and the Symposium on “The Theory and Practice of the Asia and Pacifi c Security Community” on October 14 and 15, 2016. The conference was co-hosted by College of ASEAN Studies, Guangxi University for Nationalities, the Editorial Department of International Security Studies, University of International Relations and the Editorial Department of Global Review, Shanghai Institutes for International Studies. Thanks go to the experts prent for their criticism and advice and the anonymous reviewers for their suggestions on the modifi cation of the thesis. The authors take sole responsibility for any errors made in it.
** YU Xiaofeng, Professor, School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University; WANG Mengting, Ph. D. Candidate, School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University.
2YU Xiaofeng and WANG Mengting
Introduction
Community is a mode of human existence and development as well as an important mark that man carries out practical activities as a social being. As a theoretical subject, scholars in the fi elds of philosophy, political science, sociology, etc. pay great attention to “community” and conduct in-depth and extensive rearch on it. Writings on community by academicians of international relations are more focud on “curity community”.1 “In terms of political philosophy, curity study with state centralism as its driving force and undoubted priority has gradually become complex and society-oriented to deal with an increasing number of individuals and small units, and many non-state actors at various levels. In constructivist terms, curity study is pushing forward its reorientation towards society.”2 In recent years, with the emergence of non-traditional curity study, scholars have also accorded attention and consideration to curity community under the context of non-traditional curity.3
Scholars of international relations construct “curity community” to resolve “military” curity dilemmas while a large number of prominent non-traditional curity problems in the wake of the Cold War have brought about a kind of “resourced-induced”
1 Major rearch results by foreign scholars are: Karl W. Deutsch, et al., Political Community and the North Atlantic Area,
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957; Emanuel Adler and Michael Barnett, eds., Security Communities, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998; Emanuel Adler and Patricia Greve, “When Security Community Meets Balance of Power: Overlapping Regional Mechanisms of Security Governance,” Review of International Studies, Vol. 35, No. S1 (February 2009), pp. 59-84; Ken Booth and Nicholas Wheeler, The Security Dilemma: Fear, Cooperation, and Trust in World Politics, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011; Amitav Acharya, Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the Problem of Regional Order (Third Edition), London: Routledge Press, 2014, etc. Major rearch results by Chine experts include: Yuan Zhengqing, “From Security Dilemma to Security Community: a Constructivist Interpretation,” European Studies, No. 4 (2003), pp. 38-50; Wang Xueyu, “Building Security Community through Regional Integration: A Framework for Analysis,” European Studies, No. 5 (2003), pp. 11-24; Yang Luhui and Guo Yanjun, “From ‘Hegemonic Stability Theory’ to ‘Security Community’—the New Trend of Northeast Asian Security Cooperation Framework,” World Economics and Politics, No.4 (2005), pp. 55-60; Sun Xuefeng, “The Realistic Basis and Future Way-out of East Asian Security Community,”
烫面蒸饺的做法
World Economics and Politics, No. 10 (2008), pp. 18-21; Zheng Xianwu, Security, Cooperation, and Community: the Theory and Practice of Southeast Asian Regionalism, Nanjing: Nanjing University Pr
ess, 2009 (国内的研究成果主要有袁正清：《从安全困境到安全共同体：建构主义的解析》，载《欧洲研究》2003年第4期，第38-50页；王学玉：《通过地区一体化实现安全共同体：一个分析的框架》，载《欧洲研究》2003年第5期，第11-24页；杨鲁慧、郭延军：《从“霸权稳定论”到“安全共同体”——东北亚安全合作架构新走向》，载《世界经济与政治》2005年第4期，第55-60页；
孙学峰：《东亚安全共同体的现实基础与未来出路》，载《世界经济与政治》2008年第10期，第18-21页；郑先武：《安全、合作与共同体：东南亚安全区域主义理论与实践》，南京：南京大学出版社2009年版).
2 Wang Yizhou, “State Security Study from a Global Perspective,” The Journal of International Studies, No. 4 (2015), pp. 102-
103 (王逸舟：《全球主义视野下的国家安全研究》，载《国际政治研究》2015年第4期，第102-103页).
3 Major rearch results abroad are: Melly Caballero Anthony, “Non-traditional Security Challenges, Regional Governance, and
the ASEAN Political Security Community (APSC),” in Ralf Emmers, ed., ASEAN and the Institutionali
小学优秀作文大全zation of East Asia, London: Routledge Press, 2010, pp. 27-42. Major rearch results by Chine scholars include: Liu Xinghua, “Non-traditional Security and the Construction of Security Community,” World Economics and Politics, No. 9 (2004), pp. 37-42; Wang Jiangli, “‘Security Community’ Under the Context of Non-traditional Security,” World Economics and Politics, No. 3 (2009), pp.
54-61; Jin Chunzhu and Han Xiandong, “Non-traditional Security Cooperation and the Construction of the Northeast Asian Security Community: An Evaluation Bad on the Process of China-Japan-Korea Environmental Security Cooperation,”
Journal of Contemporary Asia-Pacifi c Studies, No. 5 (2010), pp. 70-88 (中文研究成果主要有刘兴华：《非传统安全与安全共同体的建构》，载《世界经济与政治》2004年第9期，第37-42页；王江丽：《非传统安全语境下的“安全共同体”》，载《世界经济与政治》2009年第3期，第54-61页；〔韩〕金淳洙、韩献栋：《非传统安全合作与东北亚安全共同体的构建：基于中日韩环境安全合作进程的评价》，载《当代亚太》2010年第5期，第70-88页，等等).
Non-traditional Security Community: A New Exploration of Transnational Security Governance3 curity dilemma that is different from traditional curity dilemmas. The traditional curity communi
木耳怎么泡发
ty dominated by state governments is inadequate to address non-traditional curity threats. Therefore, the theory and practice of non-traditional curity requires rearchers to put forward a “non-traditional” formula corresponding to the new curity situation. The construction of “the non-traditional curity community” is an effective path for humankind to cope with non-traditional curity threats.
1 H ow does Humankind Address “Resource-induced” Security
婴儿缺锌怎么补Dilemmas?
Community is social integration of “mutually related elements” to cope with dilemmas humans are confronted with in different environments for survival. Generally speaking, as the bonds of community, there are three types of “mutually related elements”: physically mutually related elements, such as consanguinity and geography; socially mutually related elements, such as schooling, profession, interests and power; and intentionally mutually related elements, such as identity, desire, lf-esteem, and faith. The three types of mutually related elements intertwine and mutually construct. The “common features” that develop thereon become people’s “distinctive mark” or “special identity” and asmble into a variety of “organic groups”, “responsible units”, and “action c员工自我总结
ollectives” in society to acquire shared ns of “identity” and “curity”. For example, in a state community, the ns consist mainly of “being-here” of cohabitation, “we-feeling” of the same race, “homogeneity” of culture or civilization, shared political “legitimacy”, and collective “lf-esteem” recognized by the international community4. Traditional and non-traditional curity communities are mostly transnational ones and the acquisition of shared “identity” and “curity” is their basic motives, but the curity dilemmas they confront are different, thus differing in qualities and taking different forms.
1.1 T he Traditional Security Community: Deconstructing and Constructing
下雪作文“Military” Security Dilemma
Man is a “species-being”5 who is aware of its own existence. Humankind exists in groups and copes with threats by means of “community”, thereby constructing a special way of contact between people and between nations. In terms of the historical respect of human development, the history of human development is just a history of curity community expansion. According to the rearch of anthropologists, the early human 4 Yu Xiaofeng and Zhang Taiqi, “‘Peace-cooperativism’: Construction of the Value Paradigm of ‘Interstate Endorment’ –
Taking the Countries Along the ‘Belt and Road’ for Example,” Journal of Northwest Normal University (Social Science), No.
6 (2015), p. 5 (余潇枫、张泰琦：《“和合主义”：建构“国家间认同”的价值范式——以“一带一路”沿线国家为例》，
载《西北师范大学学报（社会科学版）》2015年第6期，第5页).
狼警5Marx/Engels Collected Works, No. 42, Beijing: People’s Publishing Hou, 1975, p. 96 (《马克思恩格斯全集》（第42卷），北京：人民出版社1975年版，第96页).
