安慰的话语The Literature of Realism现实主义
Realism
◆ Realism had originated in France as réalisme ,a literary doctrine that called for “reality and truth” in the depiction of ordinary life.
◆ Broadly defined as "the faithful reprentation真实表示 of reality", bad on the dogma教条 of "objective reality客观现实", and was focud on showing everyday, quotidian activities and life, primarily among the middle or lower class society, without romantic idealization or dramatization
◆ Realism is, in the broadest n, simply fidelity to actuality in its reprentation
◆ limited to the movement which aro in the nineteenth century, at least partially in reaction against Romanticism, which was centered in the novel, and which was dominant in France, England, and America from roughly mid-century to the closing decad
e, when it was replaced by Naturalism.
American Realism(1865-1918)
Backgrounds
1 The Civil War(1861-1865)
a deterioration(恶化) of American moral values
2 Increasing industrialization and mechanization
extremes of wealth and poverty
3 The frontier was about to clo.
people began to feel a n of suffering and unhappiness
4 Influenced by European literature
个人用品The Gilded Age(镀金时代）
◆ Mark Twain called the late 19th century the "Gilded Age吃什么血糖降得快."
◆ The period was glittering on the surface but corrupt underneath.
◆ “an age of excess and extremes”--of decline and progress, of poverty and dazzling wealth, of gloom and buoyant hope.
American Realism
◆ Realism first appeared in America in the literature of local color本土特色, and an amalgam of romantic plots and realistic descriptions of things immediately obrvable: the dialects方言, customs, sights, and sounds of regional America.
◆ Some reprentative local colorists include:
Bret Harte(1836—1902), the first American writer of local color to achieve wide popularity.
Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's Cabin
Kate Chopin, The Awakening
Mark Twain
William Dean Howells(1837-1920)
◆ the arbiter(仲裁者) of American Realism
◆ He defined realism as “nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material”
广西巴马旅游>分子与细胞◆ subject matter: the experiences of the American middle class
◆ his works:
The Ri of Silas Lapham 塞拉斯考风考纪·拉帕姆的发迹
American Realism has its salient特色的 features:
◆ Verisimilitude(逼真)of details derived from obrvation
◆ reprentative in plot, tting and character
◆ an objective rather than an idealized view of human experience
The schools of American realism
◆ Frontier Humor 边界
◆ Middlewestern Realism
◆ Cosmopolitan Novelists 世界性小说 Henry James
◆ Regionalism (local colorism)
◆ Naturalism 自然主义代替现实主义
Frontier Humor
It is the vital and exuberant丰富的 literature that was generated by the westward expansion 西进运动of the United States in the late 18th and the 19th centuries.
The spontaneity四川腊肠怎么吃自发性, n of fun, exaggeration夸张, fierce凶猛的 individuality, and irreverence不敬行为 for traditional Eastern values in frontier humor reflect the optimistic spirit of pre-Civil War America.
Frontier humor appears mainly in tall tales of exaggerated feats of strength, rough practical jokes (especially on sophisticated Easterners and greenhorns), and tales of encounters with panthers, bears, and snakes. The tales are filled with rough, homely wisdom.
Middlewestern Realism
◆ It just refers to William Dean Howells’s realism becau he came from the American Midwest and carefully interweaved交织 the life and emotions of ordinary middle-class there in his works.
◆ Also becau he was the champion of the realism, having helped to publish many realistic local color writings by Bret Harte, Mark Twain, and others.
Cosmopolitan Novelists(世界小说）
◆ Henry James’s fame rested largely upon his handling of his major fictional theme, the international theme, that is the meeting of American and Europe, American innocence in contact and contrast with complications arising there from. So he was called the cosmopolitan novelist.
Henry James: father of psychological realism心理描写 (1843 - 1916)
1. Brief account of his life:
1) He was born into a wealthy cultured family of New England. His father was an eminent philosopher and reformer, and his brother, William James, was to be the famous philosopher and psychologist.
2) 牛郎织女传说Most of his life he ttled down in Europe except for some visits to America. In 1915 he became the naturalized British citizen. He was not married but once loved his attractive cousin who died young.
