附录A 外文文献abox
Electric Power Steering system
1.History
In automobile development cour, Steering system experienced four stages of development: from the initial mechanical Steering system (for your DNS tting Steering, abbreviation ) development for Hydraulic Steering system (Hydraulic Power Steering, abbreviation HPS), then again appeared electronically controlled Hydraulic Steering system (Electro Hydraulic Power Steering, abbreviation EHPS) and Electric Power Steering system (Steering, room Power as EPS). Asmble mechanical steering system of car parking and low-speed driving, when the driver's steering control burden too heavy, in order to solve this problem, the American GM in the 1950s took the lead in the car hydraulic steering system. But, hydraulic steering system can't juggle vehicles to speed portability and high speed, so the steering stability Koyo in Japan in 1983, with the company introduced the application of speed nsing function of hydraulic steering system. This new type of steering system can provide speed incread with the decreasing steering, but complicated structure, cost is higher, and cannot overcome hydraulic system itlf has many shortcomings, is a cross between a hydraulic steering and
electric power steering the transition between the products. In 1988, Japan Suzuki company first in small cars equipped with Cervo Koyo company development on the steering column, power type electric power steering system; In 1990, Japan Honda NSX in sports car company adopted lf-developed rack power type electric power steering system, henceforth unveils the electric power steering in cars applications history
动漫男神头像2.Working principle春季古诗
Electric power steering system are as follows: first, the working principle, torque nsor measured on steering wheel drivers on the manipulation of the moment, the wheel speed nsors detect the vehicle driving speed, then prent the two signals to ECU; According to the built-in control strategy: ECU, calculates the ideal target booster torque, into current instructions to motor; Then, the power generated by the torque motor slowdown institutions amplification on steering system in mechanical manipulation of the moment, and the driver together to overcome resistance torque, realize to the vehicle steering.
3. Working process
Electric power steering system as traditional hydraulic system alternative products has entered into t
he auto manufacturing. And had predicted instead, EPS not only applicable to small cars, and some for 12V medium vehicle installed electric system.
EPS system includes the following components:
The torque nsor: detection steering wheel motion and vehicle motion situation;
第三代计算机Electronic control units: according to provide the torque nsor the size of the signal computing power;
Motor: according to the electronic control units; turn power output value generation Reduction gear: improve motor power, and produce turn it nds to steering mechanism.
Other vehicle system control algorithm input information is provided by the car CAN bus (for example steering Angle and bus speed, etc.). Motor drive also need other information, such as motor rotor position and the three-pha motor nsor (current nsor provided). Motor control by four MOSFET, due to micro controller cannot direct drive of large gate capacitance, MOSFET using drive IC form needed the interface, for safety, complete motor control system must implement monitoring, motor control system integration in PCB, usually contains a relay, the relay u, as the main switch under the condition of the fault detection, disconnect motor and electronic control units.
Micro control device must control EPS system and have brushless motor. Micro control device according to the torque nsor provide needed the steering wheel torque information, forming a current control loop. In order to improve the curity of the system level, the micro control device should have an on-board oscillator, so even in external oscillator malfunction ca, also ensure micro control device performance, also should have chip watchdog. Infineon XC886 integration of the company all the important micro control device component, other safety features for through the software to realize, if must implement safety standards IEC61508 industries, you have to finish all kinds of diagnosis and lf-inspection task and increa micro control device work load. At prent different customers u of torque nsor and rotor position nsor difference is very big. They u different measuring principle, such as decomposing machine, magnetic resonance device, bad on the integration of giant magnet or stance nsor.
The role of power levels is switch electric current. The power level has two main functions: drive IC control and protection MOSFET, MOSFET itlf and to be responsible for switch currents. MOSFET and partition.
Micro control device PWM output port provides driver current and voltage is too low, can't directly connected with MOSFET screen realization. Drive IC role is to provide enough current, the grid to ch
arge for MOSFET, so that in the and discharge 20kHz conditions, and ensure the normal realization switch for discretion side provides the high bar source voltage MOSFET, ensure that you get the low conduction resistance. If the high side MOSFET in open state, to source potential clo battery level. Want to make MOSFET arrived at nominal conduction resistance, gate to higher than 8V source voltage. MOSFET completely conduction needed the most ideal voltage is required, therefore 10V or above a grid of potential than battery voltage 10V is higher. Charge pump is to ensure that the function to the largest extent reduce MOSFET power (even if low battery voltage conditions) circuit.
The other key charge pump design according to different characteristics that can be PWM pattern request, achieve extremely low (low to 1%) and high rate of 390v (high to 100%). Drive IC another important function is testing, avoid damage to short-circuit mosfets, affected MOSFET will be clod, diagnosis submitted to micro control device.
附录B 外文文献的中文翻译
电动助力转向系统
1.发展历史
在汽车的发展历程中，转向系统经历了四个发展阶段：从最初的机械式转向系统（Manual Steering，简称MS）发展为液压助力转向系统（Hydraulic Power Steering，简称HPS），然后又出现了电控液压助力转向系统（Electro Hydraulic Power Steering，简称EHPS）和电动助力转向系统（Electric Power Steering，简称EPS）。装配机械式转向系统的汽车，在泊车和低速行驶时驾驶员的转向操纵负担过于沉重，为了解决这个问题，美国GM公司在20世纪50年代率先在轿车上采用了液压助力转向系统。但是，液压助力转向系统无法兼顾车辆低速时的转向轻便性和高速时的转向稳定性，因此在1983年日本Koyo公司推出了具备车速感应功能的电控液压助力转向系统。这种新型的转向系统可以随着车速的升高提供逐渐减小的转向助力，但是结构复杂、造价较高，而且无法克服液压系统自身所具有的许多缺点，是一种介于液压助力转向和电动助力转向之间的过渡产品。到了1988年，日本Suzuki公司首先在小型轿车Cervo 上配备了Koyo公司研发的转向柱助力式电动助力转向系统；1990年，日本Honda公司也在运动型轿车NSX上采用了自主研发的齿条助力式电动助力转向系统，从此揭开了电动助力转向在汽车上应用的历史
2.工作原理
电助力转向系统的工作原理如下：首先，转矩传感器测出驾驶员施加在转向盘上的操纵力矩，车速传感器测出车辆当前的行驶速度，然后将这两个信号传递给ECU；ECU根据内置的控制策略，计算出理想的目标助力力矩，转化为电流指令给电机；然后，电机产生的助力力矩经减速机构放大作用在机械
式转向系统上，和驾驶员的操纵力矩一起克服转向阻力矩，实现车辆的转向。
3.工作过程
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电动助力转向系统（EPS）作为传统液压系统的替代产品已经进入汽车制造领域。与先前的预测相反，EPS不仅适用于小型汽车，而且某些12V中型汽车也适于安装电动系统。
EPS系统包含下列组件：
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转矩传感器：检测转向轮的运动情况和车辆的运动情况；
电控单元：根据转矩传感器提供的信号计算助力的大小；
怎样查话费电机：根据电控单元输出值生成转动力；
减速齿轮：提高电机产生的转动力，并将其传送至转向机构。
其它车辆系统控制算法输入信息是由汽车CAN总线提供的(例如转向角和汽车速度等等)。电机驱动还需要其它信息，例如电机转子位置(电机传感器提供)和相电流(电流传感器提供)。电机由四个MOSFET控制，由于微控制器无法直接驱动MOSFET的大型栅电容，因此需要采用驱动IC形式的接口，出于安
全考虑，完整的电机控制系统必须实施监控，将电机控制系统集成在PCB上，通常包含一个继电器，该继电器可作为主开关使用，在检测出故障的情况下，断开电机与电控单元。
微控器必须控制EPS系统的直流有刷电机。微控器根据转矩传感器提供的转向轮所需转矩信息，形成一个电流控制回路。为了提高系统的安全水平，该微控器应有一个板载振荡器，这样即使在外部振荡器出现故障的情况下，亦可确保微控器的性能，同时还应具备片上看门狗。英飞凌公司的XC886集成了所有重要的微控器组件，其它安全特性可通过软件实现，如果必须执行IEC61508等行业安全标准规范，就不得不完成各种诊断和自检任务，因而会增加微控器的工作负荷。目前不同客户采用的转矩传感器与转子位置传感器差别很大。他们采用不同的测量原理，如分解器、电磁共振器、基于传感器的集成巨磁阻。
功率级的作用是开关电机电流。该功率级具有两个功能：驱动IC控制和保护MOSFET，MOSFET本身又可负责开关电流。MOSFET和分区(例如驱动IC与MOSFET结合在一个器件或多个器件内)由电机功率决定。
微控器的PWM输出端口提供的驱动电流和电压太低，无法直接与MOSFET栅极实现连接。驱动IC的作用是提供充足的电流，为MOSFET的栅极进行充电和放电，使其在20kHz的条件下正常实现开关，同时保证为高低侧MOSFET提供高栅源电压，确保获得低导通电阻。如果高侧MOSFET处于开通状态，
源极电位就接近电池电平。要想使MOSFET 到达标称导通电阻，栅源电压需高于8V。MOSFET完全导通所需的最理想的电压是10V 或以上，因此所需的栅极电位就比电池电压高出10V。电荷泵是确保该功能最大程度降低MOSFET功耗(即使低电池电压条件下)的电路。
电荷泵设计的其它关键特性是可以根据不同PWM模式的要求，实现极低(低至1%)和极高的占空比(高至100%)。驱动IC的另一个重要功能是检测短路情况，避免损坏MOSFET，受影响的MOSFET将关闭，诊断结果提交给微控器。
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