Introduction to Chine Civilizations
1.The Yellow Emperor
The Yellow Emperor or Huangdi (also transliterated as Huang-ti and Hwang-ti) is one of the legendary Chine sovereigns(君主) and culture heroes included among the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors. Tradition holds that Huangdi reigned from 2697 to 2597 or 2696 to 2598 BC. Huangdi's cult（崇拜）was particularly prominent（著名的）in the late Warring States and early Han period, when he was portrayed as the originator of the centralized state, a cosmic（宇宙的）ruler, and a patron（保护人）of esoteric（机密的）arts. Traditionally credited with numerous inventions and innovations（创新）, the Yellow Emperor is now regarded as the initiator （创始人）of Chine civilization, and said to be the ancestor of all Huaxia Chine.
2.Beijing Man
Peking Man (Chine: 北京猿人; pinyin: Běijīng Yuánrén), Homo erectus(直立人) pekinensis, is an example of Homo erectus. A group of fossil specimens（样品）was discovered in 1923–27 during excavations（挖掘出的古迹）at Zhoukoudian (Chou K'ou-tien) near Beijing (written "Peking" before the adoption of the Pinyin romanization system), China. More recently, the finds have been dated from
roughly 750,000 years ago,。
3.Oracle bones
Oracle bones (Chine: 甲骨; pinyin: jiǎgǔ) are pieces of shell or bone, normally from
ox scapulae （牛的肩胛骨）or turtle plastrons（海龟的贝壳）, which were ud for scapulimancy （肩胛骨占卜术） or plastromancy（占星术）, respectively– a form of divination （预言）– in ancient China, mainly during the late Shang dynasty By the Zhou dynasty, cinnabar ink and brush became the preferred writing method, resulting in fewer carved inscriptions and often blank oracle bones being unearthed.
The oracle bones bear the earliest known significant corpus of ancient Chine writing and contain important historical information such as the complete royal genealogy （王室谱系）of the Shang dynasty. When they were discovered and deciphered（破译）in the early twentieth century, the records confirmed the existence of the Shang, which some scholars had until then doubted.
4.Anyang
Anyang city is an ancient city with a history of over 3,000 years and is one of the Eight Ancient Capit
als of China. It is one of the key birthplaces of Chine ancient culture. Here are the primitive(原始的) caves of 25,000 years ago, the overlapping（重叠）strata （岩层）of the Yangshao Culture, Longshan Culture and X iaotun Culture, the memorial mausoleums of ancient Emperor Zhuanxu and Emperor Ku over 4,000 years ago, the first library of inscriptions on bones and tortoi shells, the birthland of Zhou Yi. And Simuwu Ding was also found in Anyang.
5.The Duke of Zhou
The Duke of Zhou was a member of the Zhou dynasty who played a major role in consolidating (统一)the kingdom established by his elder brother Wu. He was renowned in Chine history for acting as a capable and loyal regent for his young nephew King Cheng and successfully suppresd （镇压）a number of rebellions（叛逆）, placating （安抚）the Shang nobility with titles and positions. He is also a Chine culture hero credited with writing the I Ching and the Book of Poetry, establishing the Rites of Zhou（周礼）, and creating the yayue of Chine classical music.
6.Mandate of Heaven(天命)
The Mandate of Heaven is a traditional Chine philosophical concept concerning the legitimacy（正统的） predicated(基础) on the conduct of the ruler in question. The Mandate（授权）of Heaven pos
夜光杯
tulates（假定）that heaven would bless the authority of a just ruler, as defined by the Five Confucian Relationships, but would be displead with a despotic ruler （暴君）and would withdraw （拿走）its mandate（任期）, leading to the overthrow of that ruler. The Mandate of Heaven would then transfer to tho who would rule best. The mere fact of a leader having been overthrown is itlf indication that he has lost the Mandate of Heaven.
. The concept of the Mandate of Heaven was first ud to support the rule of the kings of
页眉横线怎么删除the Zhou Dynasty, and their overthrow of the earlier Shang dynasty. It was ud throughout the history of China support the rule of the Emperors of China, including 'foreign' dynasties such as the Qing Dynasty.
7.Spring and Autumn Period
The Spring and Autumn Period was a period in Chine history that took place from approximately 771 until 476 BC (or by some authorities until 403 BC) in the alluvial plain（冲积平原）of theYellow River, the Shandong Peninsula and the river valleys of the Huai and Han. It roughly corresponds to （相当于）the first half of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Its name comes from the Spring and Autumn Annals, a chronicle（编年史）of the state of Lu between 722 and
479 BC, which tradition associates with Confucius. The period can also be further divided into three sub-periods:
8.the warring state period
Lasting from 475 A.D. to 221 A.D., the warring state period is one of the most important period time of the entire Chine civilization. The warring state period witnesd the most vere and long-lasting national cession,when the vassal states fought against each other.This period of time was amid the Spring and Autunm period and the Qin Dynesty.During this period of time, hundred schools of thought aroud, with economic and techenical development.
9.Confucius and Analects
Confucius (551–479 BC) was a Chine teacher, editor, politician, and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn Period of Chine history. The philosophy of Confucius emphasized p ersonal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. The analects is one of the Confucion classics. The Analects is a work of quotation, which mainly records the speeches and actions of Confucius and some of his disciples. It mainly recorded the politicalthoughts, ethical principles and educational methods.十大经典
国考笔试时间10.Laozi
Laozi was a philosopher of ancient China, best known as the author of the Tao Te Chi ng (often simply referred to as Laozi). His association with the T ao Te Ching has led him to be traditionally considered the founder of philosophical T aoism. He is also revered as a deity in most religious forms of T aoist philosophy, which often refers to Laozi as Taishang Laojun, or "One of the Three Pure Ones".
11.Mozi
Mozi, original name Mo Di, was a Chine philosopher during the Hundred Schools of Thought period. Born in T engzhou, Shandong Province, China, he founded the school of Mohism, and argued strongly against Confucianism and Daoism. Mozi is known by children throughout Chine culture by way of the Thousand Character Classic, which records that he was saddened when he saw dyeing of pure white silk, which embodied his conception of austerity.
12.Mencius
Mencius(372 –289 BCE) was a Chine philosopher who was arguably the most famous Confucian
after Confucius himlf. Mencius, also known by his birth name Meng Ke or Ko, was born in the State of Zou. He was an itinerant Chine philosopher and sage, and one of
the principal interpreters of Confucianism. Suppodly, he was a pupil of Confucius' grandson, Zisi. Like Confucius, according to legend, he travelled China for forty years to offer advice to rulers for reform.
13.Xunzi
Xunzi (312–230 BC) was a Chine Confucian philosopher who lived during the Warring States Period and contributed to one of the Hundred Schools of Though t. Xunzi believed man's inborn tendencies need to be curbed through education and ritual, counter to Mencius's view that man is innately good. Educated in the state of Qi, Xunzi was associated with the Confucian school, but his philosophy has a pragmatic flavour compared to Confucian optimism. Xunzi was one of the most sophisticated thinkers of his time, and was the teacher of Li Si and Han Fei Zi.
14.Han Fei Zi
炖羊肉怎么炖
Han Fei Zi (280–233 BC) was a Chine philosopher who, along with Li Si, Gongsun Yang, Shen Da
o and Shen Buhai, developed the doctrine of Legalism. Unlike the other famed philosophers of the time, Han Fei was a member of the ruling aristocracy, having been born into the ruling family of the state of Han during the end pha of the Warring States Period.
15.The First Emperor
秦始皇
Qin Shihuangdi（259 BC – 210 BC）was the king of the Chine State of Qin from 246 BC to 221 BC, during the Warring States Period. He became the first emperor of a unified China in 221 BC. He ruled until his death in 210 BC at the age of 49.
Calling himlf the First Emperor after China's unification, Qín Shǐ Huáng is a pi votal figure in Chine history, ushering in nearly two millennia of imperial rule. After unifying China, he and his chief advisor Li Si pasd a ries of major economic and political reforms. He undertook gigantic projects, including building and unifying various ctions of the Great Wall of China, the now famous city-sized mausoleum guarded by the life-sized Terracotta Army, and a massive national road system, all at the expen of numerous lives. T o ensure stability, Qin Shi Huang outlawed and burned many books and buried some scholars alive.
秦始皇是中国历史上，第一个采用君主专制制度，及第一个中央集权统一国家的创立者，也是中国历史上第一个使用―皇帝‖称号的君主。统一中国后推行多项政策，例如书同文，车同轨，统一度量衡等对后世影响深远的政策。另一方面，秦始皇在位期间亦进行多项大型工程，包括修筑长城、阿房宫、骊山陵等，百姓徭役甚重。秦朝建立后所推行的政策及典章制度，对日后中国历史的影响，可说是广泛而深远。
16.Terracotta Warrior
兵马俑
The T erracotta Army is a collection of terracotta sculptures depicting the armies of Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor of China. It is a form of funerary art buried with the emperor in 210–209 BC and who purpo was to protect the emperor in his afterlife.
The figures, dating from around the late third century BC, were discovered in 1974 by some local farmers in Lintong District, X i'an, Shaanxi province. The figures vary in height according to their roles, with the tallest being the generals. The figures include warriors, chariots and hors. Current estimates are that in the three pits containing the T erracotta Army there were over 8,000 soldiers, 130 chariots with 520 hors and 150 cavalry hors, the majority of which are still buried in the pits
near by Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum. Other terracotta non-military figures were also found in other pits and they include officials, acrobats, strongmen and musicians.
秦始皇兵马俑（T erracotta Army），又称秦始皇陵兵马俑、秦兵马俑，位于中国陕西省西安市临潼区东5公里的下河村。秦始皇陵建于公元前246年至公元前208年，历时39年，是中国秦朝皇帝秦始皇的陵墓，也是中国第一个规模宏大、布局讲究且保存完好的帝王陵寝，现存陵冢高76米，陵园布置仿秦都咸阳，分内外两城，内城周长2.5公里，外城周长6.3公里。1987年，秦始皇陵及兵马俑坑被联合国教科文组织批准列入《世界遗产名录》，并被誉为―世界第八大奇迹‖。
17.Emperor Wu of the Han(Han Weidi)
汉武帝
Emperor Wu of Han（156–87 BC) was the venth emperor of the Han Dynasty of China, ruling as such for 54 years, from 141 BC to 87 BC. Wudi's reign resulted in or the vast territorial expansion, development of a strong and centralized state resulting from his governmental re-organization, including his promotion of Confucian doctrines. In the field of historical social and cultural studies, Wudi is known for his religious innovations and patronage of the poetic and musical arts, including development of the imperial Music Bureau into a prestigious entity. It was also during his reign that c
ultural contact with western Eurasia was greatly incread, directly or indirectly. Many new crops and other items were introduced to China during his reign.
As a military campaigner, Emperor Wu led Han China through its greatest expansion—at its height, the Empire's borders spanned from modern Kyrgyzstan in the west, to Korea in the east, and to northern Vietnam in the south.墨鱼和章鱼的区别
汉武帝刘彻，雄才大略，文治武功，功积显赫，和秦始皇被后世并称为―秦皇汉武‖，被评价为中国历史上最伟大的皇帝之一。汉武帝的思想积极进取，具为有前瞻性，为朝廷以至社会带了新思维，于实得权力后进行了多项大刀阔斧的改革，深远地影响着后世。水龙吟翻译
对内政策上，汉武帝用人为才，不问出身，又开创了察举制，以致该时期培养及出现了大量名臣良将；他又颁布《推恩令》，和平地削减了诸侯的权力及势力，另外采纳罢黜百家，独尊儒术，成为了至今的中国社会主流思想。对外政策上，汉武帝一改汉高祖刘邦白登之围后世代朝廷奉行的和亲传统，以强势态度积极地对付匈奴，发动第二阶段汉匈战争，先后收复了西汉初年的花字开头的成语
