I 非限定性动词(infinitive, -ing participle, -ed participle)
一、不定式和动词-ing形式都可以直接放在句首作主语，也都适用于It 句型，区别在于适用于不同的句型：
a. 不定式适用的句型为：
It is n. to do: It is my dream to become a super star in the future.
It takes sb. some time to do sth.: It took me three hours to fly back to my home town.
It is adj. for sb. to do sth: It is important for you to make a good preparation for the coming test.
It is adj. of sb. to do sth: It is very kind of you to help us solve the problem.
b. 动词-ing形式适用的句型为：
It is no u/ no good/ no fun/ a great pleasure/ a waste of time/ a bore, etc + doing sth:
It is no u cring over the spilt milk.
谈笑It is expensive/ good/ interesting/ nice/ pointless/ uless/ worthwhile, etc + doing sth.
It is uless asking him for help.
There is no doing: There is no saying (telling) what may happen next.
含义上的不同：
Compare: Smoking is prohibited here. / It is not good for you to smoke so much.
To spend my summer vacation in Florida is my biggest dream the days. /
Spending the summer vacation in Florida is quite a funny thing.
二、通常情况下，动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式在句中可充当状语，分句的主语应和主句的主语保持一致。Going home, a flower pot hit me on the head. ×
Going home, I was hit on the head by a flower pot.√
注意：用-ing还是-ed形式取决于分词及主句主语的关系
Looking at in this way, the problem is much easier. ×
Looked at in this way, the problem is much easier. √
●当这两种形式作状语时，由while, when, once, if, unless, though等词引导的从句中的主语若和主句主语一致，
可以直接写成while, when, once, if, unless, though +分词结构。例如：
When (we are) talking about the new plan, we are very excited.
三、不定式的几种形式：
1. 不定式的一般式，即“to＋动词原形”，表示的动作通常与谓语动词同时或几乎同时发生，或之后发生。
I am glad to e you．
No one could tell me where to get the book．
2. 不定式的完成式，即“to have ＋过去分词”，表示动作在谓语动作之前发生，它的逻辑主语也是句子的主语或宾语。如：
He is said to have written a new book about workers.
I am sorry to have given you so much trouble．
Robert is said ____________ abroad，but I don't know what country he studied in．
A．to have studied B．to study C．to be studying D．to have been studying
●英语中一些表示希望、愿望的词，如would love，meant，hoped，expected，planned，wished，wanted
等词常与不定式的完成式连用，表示过去曾希望过，但未曾实现。它们之所以未能实现，常可通过后面but连接的句子看出来。如：
I hoped to have en you yesterday，but I didn't have time．
I would love ____________ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report．
A．to go B．to have gone C．going D．having gone
3、不定式的进行式（to be ＋现在分词）表示正在进行的动作，与谓语动作同时发生。如：
They emed to be eating something they had cooked on the fire．（to be eating与emed同时发
生）
We pretended to be working very hard when he came in．（to be working与pretended同时发生）
4、不定式的被动式
当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，要用不定式被动形式，即to be done或to have been done。如：
She hated to be laughed at．
The magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room ．
四、不带to不定式
1）had better/ would rather/would sooner/would(just)as soon/might (just) as well, cannot but/cannot help but
< I’d rather have eggs and bacon for breakfast.
Since it’s a fine day we might as well walk.
We could not but weep at the sad news.
●would rather/ would sooner/ would (just as soon) 之后也能跟than-/ as-分句，表示“宁愿---而不愿”，在than-/
as- 分句中用不带to不定式.
< He would rather listen to others than talk himl
f.
●“Rather than/sooner than” 置于句首时，其后跟不带to的不定式；若出现在句中其他位置时，其后不定式
既可带to也可不带to
< Rather than cau trouble, he left.
He decided to write rather than (to) telephone.
Rather than ____________ on a crowded bus，he always prefers ____________ a bicycle．
A．ride；ride B．riding；ride C．ride；to ride D．to ride；riding
2）在make, bid, command, tell, let, have等使役动词和e, hear, obrve, notice, feel, watch等感觉动词+宾语之后用不带to的不定式
< I made him tell me the truth.
They didn’t obrve Christine come in and go upstairs.
3）在介词except/ but 之后: 如果except/ but之前有动词do的某种形式，其后通常用不带to不定式，否则带to
< They did nothing except work. / I have nothing to do but stay.
Ther e’s no choice but to wait.
4）Why/why not
五、带to的动词
agree, aim, apply, arrange, choo, claim, decide, demand, desire, determine, endeavor, expect, ho
pe, learn, manage, offer, pledge, prepare, pretend, profess, promi, refu, resole, ek, swear, threaten, undertake, venture, volunteer, vow, and etc.
六、带-ing的动词
admit, acknowledge, anticipate, advocate, appreciate, avoid, can’t help, can’t resist, can’t stand, consider, contemplate, defer, delay, deny, detest, dislike, don’t mind, ensure, enjoy, escape, excu, evade, facilita te, fancy, favor, finish, imagine, include, miss, pardon, postpone, practice, rent, report, risk, stop, suggest, and etc.
●有些动词如stop, remember, forget, try, mean, like, hate, regret, prefer等接不定式或动名词做宾语，意思各
不相同。try doing sth试试看(没有付诸的行动)
try to do尽力去做(已有行动)
mean doing sth意味着
mean to do sth打算
1. _____ at in this way, the prent economic situation doesn’t em so gloomy. (2000)
A. Looking
B. Looked
C. Having looked
车的档位
D. To look
2. _____ him tomorrow? (2001)
A. Why not to call on
B. Why don’t call on
C. Why not calling on
D. Why not call on
3. _____ is not a rious disadvantage in life. (2001)
A. to be not tall
B. Not to be tall
C. Being not tall
D. Not being tall
4. Even as a girl, to be her life, and theater audiences were to be her best teachers. (2001)
通分的方法A. performing by Melissa were
B. it was known that Melissa’s performances were
C. knowing that Melissa’s performances were
D. Melissa knew that performing was
5. AIDS is said _____ the number-one killer of both men and women over the past few years in that region. (2002)
A. being
B. to be
C. to have been
D. having been
6. The opening ceremony is a great occasion. It is esntial _____ for that. (2003)
A. for us to be prepared
B. that we are prepared
C. of us to be prepared
D. our being prepared
7. The Minister of Finance is believed _____ of imposing new taxes to rai extra revenue. (2004)
A. that he is thinking
B. to be thinking
C. that he is to think
< think
8. If not _____ with the respect he feels due to him, Jack gets very ill-tempered and grumbles all the time. (2004)
A. being treated
B. treated
C. be treated
D. having being treated
9. What’s the chance of _____ a general election this year? (2005)
A. there being
B. there to be
C. there be
D. there going to be
10. The meeting was put off becau we _____ a meeting without John. (2005)
A. objected having
B. was objected to having
C. objected to have
D. objected to having
11. Linda was _____to experiment a month ago, but she changed her mind at the last minute. (2007)
A. to start
B. to have started
C. to be starting
D. to have been starting
12. It is not uncommon for there _______problems of communication between the old and the young.
A. being
B. would be
C. be
D. to be
13. ________at in his way, the situation does not em so desperate. (2007)
A. Looking
B. looked
C. Being looked
D. to look
14. What a nice day! How about the three of us _____ a walk in the park nearby? (2009)
A. to take
B. take
C. taking
D. to be taking
15. "It ems that she was there at the conference." The ntence means that (2009)
A. she ems to be there at the conference.
B. she emed to be there at the conference.
喝的成语
C. she ems to have been there at the conference.
D. she emed to being there at the conference.
16. "The man preparing the documents is the firm's lawyer" has all the following possible meanings EXCEPT (2009)
A. the man who has prepared
B. the man who has been preparing
C. the man who is preparing
D. the man who will prepare
17.In the ntence "It's no u waiting for her", the italicized phra is ____. (2010)
A. the object
小姑娘猜一个字B. an adverbial
C. a complement
D. the subject
18. _____ should not become a rious disadvantage in life and work. (2010)
A. To be not tall
B. Not being tall
C. Being not tall
D. Not to be tall
非限定性动词：BDDDC, ABAAD，BDBCC，DDB
特殊用法：独立结构
在某些情况下，主句和分句的主语无法保持一致，这时我们要用“独立主格结构”，即分词拥有自己独立的主语：Weather permitting, we will go for a picnic tomorrow.
Time given, we will fulfill the task better than them.
注意：1. 用-ing还是-ed形式取决于分词及其主语的关系
2．-ing 或-ed所用时态取决于主句和分句的时间先后顺序
< The policy having been made, the next problem was how to carry it out.
1. There _____ nothing more for discussion, the meeting came to an end half an hour earlier. (2000)
A. to be
B. to have been
C. being
D. be
2. Agriculture is the country’s chief source of wealth, wheat _____ by far the biggest cereal crop. (2003)
A. is
B. been
C. be
D. being
3. Time _____, the celebration will be held as scheduled. (2003)
A. permit
B. permitting
C. permitted
D. permits
4. There are only ten apples left in the baskets, __ the spoilt ones. (2006)
A not counting
B not to count
C don’t count
地狱的英文D having not counted
独立结构：CDBA
II 限定词、代词
一、限定词的先后顺序：前位、中位、后位限定词
前位限定词：all, both, half; double, twice, three times; one-third, two-fifths; what, such(a/an), etc.东道主
中位限定词：a/an, the; this, that, the, tho; my, your, his, her, Mary’s; some, any, no, every, each, either, neither, enough; what(ever), which(ever), who, etc.
后位限定词：one, two, three; first, cond, next, last, other; many, much, (a) few, (a) little; veral, plenty of, a lot of,
疲倦不堪的拼音a great/large/good number of, a large/ small amount of; such etc.
< all your three books, all the last few years,
half his lecture, all other students, such a misfortune, no such thing, veral hundred guests
注意：such既属于前位限定词（such a/ an），又可归入后位限定词，即在与其它限定词（some, any,
no, all, few, another, other, many, one, two）搭配时，放在其后，如some such, any such, no such, few such, one such 等。
三、 1. some, any: 当some与单数可数名词搭配时，相当于a certain的含义；而any与单数可数名词搭配，则相当于every的含义: Some boy has broken a window.
Any child could answer that question.
2. all, both, none ( no one), every, each, either, neither
四、1. 只能与不可数名词搭配的限定词：a little (bit) of, a large amount of, a great deal of, much, less, least
2. quite a few, a good few, not a few 不表示“少”，而表示“相当多”
< Quite a few of us are getting worried.
You will have to wait a good few weeks.
3. many a 只能与单数名词搭配：Many a student has en the film.
五、代词：
1. 先行项为everyone, no one, anyone, someone 等复合词时，代词及相应的限定词按照语法一致原则用单数形式：
< If anyone calls, tell him I’ll be back later.
但在非正式语体中也可用复数代词：
< Everyone was clapping their hands.
2. 先行项为某些集体名词时代词的选择取决于该集体名词的意义
< The team has won its first game.
The team are now on the floor taking their practice shots at the basket.
3. 不定代词one 通常用于正式语体，为避免在同一句中多次重复one/one’s，凡是要重复one/one’s 的地方，可用he/his 来取代。
< One must remember to remain still when he attends a concert.
4. 指示代词的用法：this, that, the 和tho
1）为避免重复，可用that 和tho 代替前面提到的名词。如：
Our grain output is now 5 times that of 1980. （that=the grain output）
2）用来回指上文提到的事情时，可用this 或that，但是若要指下文叙述的事情，通常要用this。如：
I want to know this: Is she beautiful?
3）除用作代词外，this 和that 还可用作副词，用以修饰形容词或副词，意为“这么”、“那么”，相当于so。如：
I've done only that much.
Is he always this busy?
1. _____ of the twins was arrested, becau I saw both at a party last night. (2002)
A. None
B. Both
C. Neither
D. All
2. Your ideas, _____, em unusual to me. (2003)
A. like her
B. like hers
C. similar to her
D. similar to herlf
3. Becau fuel supplies are finite and many people are wasteful, we will have to install _____ solar heating device in our home. (2005)
A. some type of
B. some types of
C. some type of a
D. some types of
4. His remarks were _____ annoy everybody at the meeting. (2005)
A. so as to
B. such as to
C. such to
D. as much as to
5. --- Why are you staring?
--- I’ve never en _____ tree before. (2005)
A. kind of
B. that kind of
C. such kind
D. such
6. Land belongs to the city; there is __ thing as private ownership of land. (2006)
A no such a
B not such
C not such a
D no such
7. My daughter has walked eight miles today. We never guesd that she could walk__far. (2006)
A /
B such
C that
D as
8. Which of the following is INCORRECT? (2008)
A. All his lectures were boring. C. Her few friends are all fond of dancing.
B. Half his money was gone. D. He invited many his friends to the party.
9. The following are all correct respons to "Who told the news to the teacher?" EXCEPT (2008)
A. Jim did this.
B. Jim did so.
C. Jim did that.
D. Jim did.
10. Our association, which has consistently presd for greater employment opportunities for the disabled,
