Puritanism: the ttlement of North American continent by English started in the early 17th century. Under siege from church and crown, it nt an offshoot in the third and fourth decades of the venteenth century to the northern English colonies in the New World—a migration that laid the foundation for the religious, intellectual, and social order of New England. Puritanism, however was not only a historically specific phenomenon coincident with the founding of New Zealand; it was also a way of being in the world—a style of respon to lived experience—that has reverberated through American life ever since. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind. American Puritanism also had a enduring influence on American literature.
Romanticism ：The Romantic Period stretches from the end of the 18th \century through the outbreak of the Civil War.
Romanticism was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism. (subjectivity)
槭树科For romantics, the feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important than reason and
common n.
They emphasized individualism, placing the individual against the group, against authority.
The承诺践诺书y affirmed the inner life of the lf, and wanted to be free to develop and express his own inner thoughts.
Transcendentalism:In the realm of art and literature it meant the shattering of pudo-classic rules and forms in favor of a spirit of freedom, the creation of works filled with the new passion for nature and common humanity and incarnating a fresh n of the wonder, promi, and romance of life.
五行生克关系
Transcendentalism
① The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the o大领导的小女人versoul , as the most important thing in the univer.
② The Transcendentalists stresd the importance of the individual. To them, the individual is the most important element of Society.
③ The Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was not purely matter. It was alive, filled with God’s overwhelming prence.
Realism
As a literary movement, the Age of Realism came into existence after Romanticism with the Civil War It was a reaction against “the lie” of Romanticism and ntimentalism, and paved the way to Modernism. This literary interest in the so-called “reality” of life started a new period in the American literary writing known as The Age of Realism.
Psychological Realism
玄奘之路观后感It is the realistic writing that probes deeply into the complexities of characters’ thoughts and motivations. And Henry James is considered the founder of psychological realism. H
e believed that reality lies in the impressions made by life on the spectator, and not in any facts of which the spectator is unaware. Such realism is therefore merely the obligation that the artist assumes to reprent life as he es it.
Local colorism: local colorism is a type of writing that was popular in the late 19th(1860s—1870s). The feature of local colorism are: (1) prenting a locale distinguished from the outside world; (2)describing the exotic of the picturesque; (3)glorifying the past; (4) showing things as they are; (5) influence of tting on characters.
Black humor: the term black humor was created in 1920s, but it was not noticed until 1960s. it was particularly a literary phenomenon in America after WWⅡ. Black humor, in literature, is drama, novel, and film, grotesque or morbid humor ud to express the absurdity, innsitivity, paradox, and cruelty of the modern world. Ordinary characters or situations are usually exaggerated far beyond the limits of normal satire or irony. Black humor us devices often associated with tragedy and is sometimes equated with tragic face. Jogh Heller and Kury Vonnegut are famous for their novels of black humor. Especially Heller’s Catch—22.
植物硒
小草的诗句 The novels of such writers as Kurt Vonnegut, Thomas Pynchon, John Barth, Joph Heller, and Philip Roth contain elements of black humor.
Naturalism: The American naturalists accepted the more negative interpretation of Darwin’s evolutionary theory and ud it to accout for the behavior of tho characters in literary works who were regarded as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic forces.2) naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less rious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence.3>Dreir with his Sister Carrie is a leading figure of his school.
Imagism:实习情况 A poetic movement of England and the U.S. that flourished from 1909 to 1917. The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording. “poetic techniques to record exactly the momentary impressions”
