高中化学知识名词解释：
Unit 1
1、Government Goods and Services: Items provided by government, such as roads, schooling, and fire protection, that are not usually sold in markets.
2、Government Purchas: Tho that require productive (land, labor, and capital) to be diverted from private u by individuals and corporations so they can be ud by the government.
3、Government Transfer Payments: Government expenditures that redistribute purchasing power among citizens.口吃是什么意思
4、Mixed Economy: One in which government supplies a considerable amount of goods and rvices and significantly regulates private economic activity.
5、Nonmarket Rationing: Rationing of goods and rvices by any means other than pricing.
6、Political Institutions: Rules and generally accepted procedures that evolve in a community for making collective choices.
7、Private Goods and Services: Goods and rvices with benefits that are shared by large groups of consumers and are nonrival and nonexclusive.
8、Public Finance: Field of economics that studies government activities and the alternative means of financing government expenditures.
9、Pure Market Economy: One in which virtually all goods and rvices would be supplied by private firms for profit and all exchanges of goods and rvices would take place through markets, with prices determined by free interplay of supply and demand.
Unit 2
1、Compensation Criteria: Criteria ud to recommend change in resource u if the value of
the gains to gainers in dollar terms exceeds the dollar value of the loss to lors.
2、Efficiency Criterion: Benchmark criterion for resource u that is satisfied when resources are
ud that is satisfied when resources are ud over any given period of time in such a way as to make it impossible to increa the well-being of any one person without reducing the well-being of any other person.
3、Equity: Judgment about the fairness of an outcome.
4、Marginal Conditions for Efficient Resource Allocation: Conditions that are satisfied when
resources are allocated to the production of each good over each period so that MSB=MSC.
5、Marginal Net Benefit: Difference between the marginal social benefit and the marginal social
cost of a good or rvice.
6、Marginal Social Benefit: Extra benefit obtained by making one more unit of a good available
over any given time period.
7、Marginal Social Cost: Minimum amount of money that is required to compensate the owners男性内裤
of inputs ud in producing a good for making an extra unit of available.
8、Normative Economics: Evaluates alternative policies and actions only on the basis of the
underlying value judgments.
9、Positive Economics: Scientific approach to analysis that establishes cau and effect
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relationships among economic variables.
10、Total Social Benefit: Amount of satisfaction provided to consumers by any given quantity of an economic good available over a certain time period.
11、Total Social Cost: Value of all resources necessary to make a given amount of an economic
good available over a given time period.
12、Utility-Possibility Curve: Curve that illustrates efficient combinations of well-being between two individuals.
Unit 3
1、Coa Theorem: States that governments, by merely establishing the rights o u resources,
can internalize externalities when transaction coats of bargaining are zero.
2、Command-and-Control Regulation: A system of rules established by government authorities
that requires all emitters of wastes to meet strict standards and requires the u of specific pollution control devices.
3、Corrective Subsidy: Subsidy designed to adjust marginal private benefit in such a way as to
internalize a positive externality.
4、Corrective Tax: Tax designed to adjust the marginal private cost of a good or rvice in such a
way as to internalize a negative externality.
5、Externalities: Costs or benefits of market transactions not reflected in prices.
6、General Theory of Second Best: States that when two opposing factors contribute to
efficiency loss, they can offt one another’s distortions.
7、Internalization of an Externality: Occurs when the marginal private benefit or cost of goods
and rvices is adjusted so that the urs consider the actual marginal social benefit or cost of their decisions.
8、Marginal External Benefit (MEB): Benefit of additional output accruing to parties other than
buyers or llers.
9、Marginal External Cost (MEC): Extra cost to third parties other than buyers or llers of a
good resulting from production of another unit of a good or rvice.
10、Marginal Private Benefit (MPB): Marginal benefit that consumers ba their decisions on.
11、Marginal Private Cost (MPC): Marginal cost that producers ba their decisions on.
12、Negative Externalities: Also called external costs, costs to third parties other than the buyers or the llers of an item not reflected in the market price.
13、Pollution Abatement: Reduction in pollution that results from reduced emissions.
14、Pollution Rights: Transferable permits to emit a certain amount of particular wastes into the atmosphere or water per year.
15、Positive Externalities: Benefits to third parties other than the buyers or the llers of a good or s
ervice not reflected in prices.
16、Small-Number Externalities: Externalities involving few enough parties so that the transaction costs of bargaining to internalize the externalities are negligible.
17、Transactions Costs: Value of the time, effort, and cash outlay involved in locating someone to trade with, negotiating terms of trade, drawing contracts, and assuming risks associated with the contracts.
Unit 4
1、Congestible Public Goods: Tho for which crowding or congestion reduces the benefits to
existing consumers when more consumers are accommodated.
2、Free Rider: Problem that exists when people ek to enjoy the benefits of a benefit of a
public good without contributing anything to the cost of financing the amount made
available.
3、Lindahl Equilibrium: Exists when the voluntary contribution per unit of the public good of
each member of the community equals his or her marginal benefit of the public good at the efficient level of output.
4、Lindahl Prices: Equilibrium contributions per unit of the public good that equal the marginal
benefit received by each consumer.
5、Nonexclusion: Property of a pure public good that exists when it is infeasible to price units of
a good in a way that prevents tho who do not pay from enjoying its benefits.
6、Nonrival in Consumption: Property of a pure public good that allows a given quantity of the
good to be consumed by an entire population.
7、Price-Excludable Public Goods: Goods with benefits that can be priced.
8、Private Goods: Items such as food and clothing that are usually rival in consumption and are
made available for sale in markets becau people easily can be excluded from benefits if they do not pay.
9、Public Goods: Goods with benefits that are shared by large groups of consumers and are
nonrival and nonexclusive.
10、Pure Private Good: Good that provides benefit only to the person who acquires them and not to anyone el after producers receive compensation for the full opportunity costs of production.
11、Pure Public Good: Good that is nonrival in consumption for an entire population of consumers and has nonexclusionary benefit.
Unit 5
1、Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem: States that it is impossible for public choices to meet a t of
conditions for rationality when some voters have multiple-peaked preferences.
2、Bureaucracy: Group of agencies in charge of implementing collective choices made through
political institutions.
3、Constitutions: The generally accepted t of rules by which decisions are made in a society.
4、Implicit Logrolling: Occurs when political interests succeed in pairing on the same ballot or
人像素描画the same bill two (or more) issues of strong interest to divergent groups.
5、Logrolling: Trading of votes on issues of great interest to voters.
6、Median Voter: One who most-preferred outcome is the median of the most-preferred
outcomes of all tho voting.
7、Median Voter Rule: Political equilibrium is the median most-preferred outcome of all voters
when collective choices are made under majority rule and all voters have single-peaked preferences.
8、Most-Preferred Political Outcome: Quantity of the government-supplied good corresponding
to the point at which the person’s tax share is equal to his marginal benefit of the good.
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9、Multiple-Peaked Preferences: Imply that persons who move away from their most-preferred
alternative become wor off at first but eventually become better off as the movement continues in the same direction.
10、Political Equilibrium: Agreement on the level of production of one or more public goods, given the specified rule for making the collective choice and the distribution of tax shares among individuals.
11、Political Externalities: Loss in well-being that occur when voters do not obtain their
most-preferred outcomes, given their tax shares.
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12、Political Parties: Organizations of individuals with similar ideas on the role of government and other issues.
13、Political Transactions Costs: Measures of the value of time, effort, and other resources expended to reach and enforce a collective agreement.
14、Public Choice: A choice made through political interaction of many persons according to established rules.
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15、Rational Ignorance: Voter ignorance of either the benefits or costs of government activity stemming from the positive cost of attaining information.
16、Simple Majority Rule: Rule under which a proposal is approved if it receives more than half the votes cast in an election.
17、Single-Peaked Preferences: Imply that individuals behave as if a unique most-preferred outcome is available, and that the individuals are always made wor off when they move away from the outcome.
18、Special-Interest Groups: Lobbies that ek to increa government expenditures that benefit their constituents.
19、Tax Shares: Preannounced shares of the unit costs of a public good to be provided by government assigned to citizens voting in an election.
