海上货物的绑扎及系固
Cargo’s lashing & curing
1词语解释
1.1B.S. Breaking Strength 破断强度 = 4 ~ 5 SWL (or WLL)
in CSS, mean the point at which the component, material or element can no longer support or sustain the load.
1.2NBL nominal breaking-load 破断负荷 ＝ BS
1.3SWL safe working load 安全工作负荷 （用于lifting gear）
1.4WLL working load limit 工作负荷 ＝ SWL （用于lifting gear）
1.5PL proof load 试验负荷 ＝ 2 x SWL (or WLL)
1.6MSL maximum Securing Load 最大系固负荷 = PL ＝ 2 x SWL (or WLL) is a term ud to define the allowable load capacity for a device ud to cure cargo to a ship.
1.7CS Calculate strength 计算强度 = MSL / 1.5
1.8MSL & BS
Materials 材料 | MSL |
Shackles, rings, deckeyes, turnbuckles of mild steel 低碳钢的卸扣、环、甲板眼及扣紧螺丝 | 50% of breaking strength 50％的破断强度 |
Fibre rope 纤维绳 | 33% of breaking strength 50％的破断强度 |
Wire rope (single u) 钢丝绳（一次性） | 桑浦山风景区80% of breaking strength 80％的破断强度 |
Web lashing (纤维网状绑扎件) | 70% of breaking strength 70％的破断强度 |
Wire rope re-uable 钢丝绳（重复使用） | 30% of breaking strength 50％的破断强度 |
Steel band (single u) 钢带（一次性）密闭式顶管 | 70% of breaking strength 50％的破断强度 |
Chains 链 | 50% of breaking strength 50％的破断强度 |
F怎样测血糖ibre straps with tensioners 带有张力器的纤维带 | A permissible working load 允许的工作载荷 |
Special equipment for curing containers 系固集装箱的特殊设备 | A permissible working load 允许的工作载荷 |
结膜炎会传染吗 | |
2起重设备 lifting facilities
2.1起重设备的最小安全负荷(SWL) 1.05 Mg；
安溪茶联合的起重设备的安全负荷之和应大于货重的1.5倍：(SWL1＋SWL2) 1.5 Mg
2.2吊索之间的夹角应不大于45度，超过45度应采用横挡(spreader)，但不得直接触碰所吊装的货物（加橡胶碰垫）
2.3所有起重设备的证书应齐全并在有效期内，现实状况良好
2.4上述的最小安全负荷，是指起货机、吊索、卸扣、横挡等中的最小安全负荷值计算。
3局部强度 local intension
3.1通常，因海水因数的影响，货物的重量取其重量的1.05倍，即增加5％。
P = 1.05 M g / A (A = A1 + A2 + A3+ ……)
3.2若没有相关的资料：
3.2.1对于主甲板的强度约2.5吨/平方米；舱盖板的强度约1.3吨/平方米（长度大于100米）、0.75吨/平方米（长度小于100米）；舱底板的强度约1.75吨/平方米。
3.2.2或使用下列中国船级社规范设计的船舶，其中d为夏季载重线吃水（米），H为甲板间高度
位置 | 最大许用堆装负荷，吨/平方米 |
内底 | D |
货舱内货物甲板 | H/1.39 |
货舱内舱口盖 | H/1.39 |
露天甲板 | 0.865 |
露天舱口盖甲板 | 0.865 |
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3.3垫木的厚度通常25毫米以上（长度150x25 毫米），但是重货的垫木厚度要求50毫米以上（长度150x50 毫米），对于厚度超过75毫米的垫木更欢迎，可是要注意木纹的方向。
3.4两块垫木用铁钉连接起来，可以接受，只是要注意木纹的方向。
4Rule of thumb method 经验法
4.1Rule of thumb method
4.1.1for cargo stowed under weather deck, Total breaking strength of lashing 2 x m x g
4.1.2for roll periods more than 13 conds, total breaking strength of lashing 3 x m x g
location | Acceleration | Angles | Lashing ud to cure cargo or vechicles should have a breaking load of at least 3 times the design load, the design load being the total weight of the cargo or cargo plus vehicle subject to acceleration of |
Athwartships | 0.7 g | 55 |
Longitudinally | 0.3 g | 73 |
Vertically | 1.0 g | |
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4.2CSS & CSM
4.2.1The total MSL value of the curing devices on each side of a unit of cargo (port as well as starboard) should be equal the weight of the unit. Namely, for transver, MSL mg.
一宗货物每一侧（左舷或右舷）的绑扎装置MSL值的总和应等于该宗货物的重量。
4.2.2This method, which implies a transver acceleration of 1 g(9.81 m/c2), applies to nearly any size of ship regardless of the location of stowage, stability and loading condition, ason and area of operation. The method however, neither takes into account the adver effects of lashing angles and non-艾叶是什么homogeneous distribution of force among the curing devices nor favorable of friction.
这种方法等于假定横向加速度1g (9.81 m/s2), 并适用于任何季节和海域，任何稳性情况和载况及任何积载位置的任意大小的船舶。然而本方法既没有考虑绑扎角和绑扎设备之间的不均匀的不利作用，也没有考虑摩擦力的有效作用；
4.2.3Transver lashing angles to the deck should not be greater than 60 and it is important that adequate friction is provided by the u of suitable materials. Additional la
shings at angles of greater than 60 may be desirable to prevent tipping but are not to be counted in the number of lashing under the rule-of thumb. 相对甲板的绑扎角不得大于60，同时用适当的材料保证有适当的摩擦力是很重要的。凭经验为防止货物倾斜可要求设置大于60角的附加绑扎，但不得计入绑扎数。
5Advanced calculate method(CSM chapter 1994/1995 and 1997 amendment)
5.1MSL 最大系固负荷
5.1.1Manufacturers of curing equipment should at least supply information on the nominal breaking strength of the equipment in kilo – newtons (kN);
系固设备的生产厂家应至少提供该设备的名义破断强度值，以kN为单位；
5.1.2“maximum curing load (MSL) is a term ud to define the load capacity for a device ud to cure cargo to a ship; “最大系固载荷”（MSL）是用于定义船上系固货物的设备承载能力的术语；
5.1.3Maximum curing load is to curing devices as safe working load is to lifting tackl陈沐阳
e, the MSL for different curing devices are given below (table 1 )if not given under 3. the MSL of timber should be taken as 0.3 kN per cm2 normal to the grain.
系固设备的最大系固载荷就象起吊索具的安全工作载荷一样。各种系固设备的MSL给出如下，如果没有在下表给出。顺纹理木材的MSL取0.3 Kn / cm2。
5.1.4(table 1) 由破断强度确定MSL
Materials 材料 | MSL |
Shackles, rings, deckeyes, turnbuckles of mild steel 低碳钢的卸扣、环、甲板眼及扣紧螺丝 | 50% of breaking strength 50％的破断强度 |
Fibre rope 纤维绳 | 33% of breaking strength 50％的破断强度 |
Wire rope (single u) 钢丝绳（一次性） | 80% of breaking strength 80％的破断强度 |
Web lashing (纤维网状绑扎件) | 70% of breaking strength 70％的破断强度 |
Wire rope re-uable 钢丝绳（重复使用） | 30% of breaking strength 50％的破断强度 |
Steel band (single u) 钢带（一次性） | 70% of breaking strength 50％的破断强度 |
Chains 链 | 英西战争50% of breaking strength 50％的破断强度 |
Fibre straps with tensioners 带有张力器的纤维带 | A permissible working load 允许的工作载荷 |
Special equipment for curing containers 系固集装箱的特殊设备 | A permissible working load 允许的工作载荷 |
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5.1.5For particular curing devices (e.g. fibre straps with tensioners or specials equipment for curing containers) a permissible working load may be prescribed and marked by authority. This should be taken as the MSL. MSL = SWL
对特定的系固设备（如带有张力器的纤维带或系固集装箱的特殊设备）其允许工作载荷由主管机关给出和标记。该值可作为MSL。
