倒装句的作用与用法
一. 倒装句的定义
正常的陈述句语序都是主语在谓语动词的前面。而在倒装句中，则是谓语动词在主语前，或者一些助动词，情态动词置于主语前。这两种情况称为全部倒装和部分倒装。下面给出连个例子，看看那个是全部倒装，那个是部分倒装：
1. There comes the bus!
2. Never have I en this film before.
二. 倒装句的功能
英语中为什么会有倒装句呢？这种形式到底有什么作用呢？倒装(Inversion)是一种语法手段,它是出于句子结构的需要和强调某一句子成分的需要而产生的。英语的最基本结构是主、谓结构,倒装就是将这种比较固定的结构加以颠倒。
倒装有两种:将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来,叫做完全倒装(Complete Inversion)。如:
In came a man with a white beard.
只将助动词(包括情态动词合同管理工作总结)移至主语之前,叫做部分倒装(Partial Inversion)。如:
Only once was John late to class.
英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装,二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。前一种情况,倒装是必须的,否则就会出现语法错误;后一种情况,倒装是选择性的,倒装与否只会产生表达效果上(如感情色彩上，上下文衔接上)的差异。 一、 表示强调:
倒装句最突出、最常见的修辞效果就是强调,其表现形式如下(比较与参考):
1. only +状语或状语从句置于句首,句子用部分倒装。
例1:Only in this way can you solve this problem.
You can solve this problem only in this way.
例2:Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.
无语的近义词 He realized he had made a big mistake only after he had spoken out the word.
2. not, little, hardly, scarcely, no more, no longer, in no way, never, ldom, not only, no sooner，hardly… when, rarely时间的味道等具有否定意义的词或词组位于句首,句子用部分倒装。
例1: No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.
I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.
例2: Seldom do I go to work by bus.
I ldom go to work by bus.
3. so / hat结构中的so或such位于句首可以构成部分倒装句,表示强调so /such和that之间的部分。
例1:So unreasonable was his price that everybody was shocked.
His price was so unreasonable that everybody was shocked.
例2:Such a wicked man was he that he ended up in prison.
He was such a wicked man that he ended up in prison.
以上各例都用倒装语序突出了句首成分,其语气较自然语序强烈,因而具有极佳的修辞效果。
二、 承上启下
有时倒装可把前一句说到的人或物,或与前一句有联系的人或物在下一句紧接着先说出来,从而使前后两句在意思上的关系更加清楚,衔接更加紧密,起到承上启下的作用。这个其实在初中七年级下册第二单元里就出现过。我把它摘录下来一段,请注意划线部分：
Take a walk through the park on Center Avenue. Across from the park is an old hotel. Next to the hotel is a small hou with an interesting garden.
举几个例子：
例1: They broke into her uncle's bedroom and found the man lying on the floor, dead. Aro
北京邮电大学分数线und his head was a brown snake.
例2: We really should not rent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain.
三、 制造悬念,渲染气氛
在新闻或文学创作中,有时为了内容的需要,或是为了强调,作者常常运用倒装来制造悬念,渲染气氛。这个尤其在诗歌和歌曲中非常的常见。如:
Hanging on the wall was a splendid painting. 墙上挂着一幅精美的图画。
再如朗费罗《雪花》中的一节:
Out of the bosom of the Air,
Out of the cloud-folds of her garments shaken,
Over the woodlands brown and bare,
Over the harvest-fields forsaken,
Silent, and soft, and slow,
Descends the snow.
在这一节诗里 ,诗人就富有创意地运用了倒装。在前五行中最新电视剧排行榜 ,诗人用了七个状语,状语连续出现而主语和谓语却迟迟未露 ,造成一种悬念效应。全节读罢 ,读者才对诗歌的主题恍然大悟 ,从而收到了不同凡响的艺术效果。
四、 平衡结构
英语修辞的一个重要原则是“尾重”原则,即把句子最复杂的成分放在句尾以保持句子平衡。在语言使用中为了避免产生头重脚轻、结构不平衡的句子,我们常采用倒装语序。
1. 以作状语的介词短语开头:当主语较长或主语所带修饰语较长时,为了使句子平衡,常将状语置于句首,句子用完全倒装语序。
例1:A. On the ground lay some air conditioners, which are to be shipped to some oth
er cities.
B. Some air conditioners lay on the ground, which are to be shipped to some other cities.
例2：On the beach were people who came all the way along from the other side of world.
从例句1茂盛的意思是什么中可看出, 采用倒装语序的A句结构平衡稳妥 ,读起来自然流畅,逻辑更清晰，而采用自然语序的B句结构零乱, 读起来也别扭。因而,技能比武活动方案在主语较长时就应采用倒装语序以取得理想的表达效果。
2. 以表语开头的句子:有时为了把较长的主语放在后面,须将表语和谓语都提到主语前。如:
例1.Warm would be our home in the future.
例2. More important is the crop that is needed to be harvested before the rain ason.
3. 以副词here , there开头的句子,也采用完全倒装来保持句子平衡。如:
Here is the letter you have been looking forward to. 你盼望已久的信在这儿。
五、 使描写生动
有时为了使叙述或描绘更加生动形象，富有动感,增加语言效果,可将表示方向的副词(如:down, up, out, in, off, on, away等)或拟声词(bang, crack等)置于句首,句子采用全部倒装的语序(主语为人称代词的句子除外)。如:
Up went the rocket into the air.
Away flew the birds.
Out went the children.
Down came the rain.
Bang went the firecracker.
The door burst open and in rushed a stranger.
以上句子简洁明快 ,生动逼真地描述了有关动作 ,市场营销书籍令我们一览此类倒装的风采。但这种倒装句的修辞功能在语段中可以体现得更为清楚。
“Stop thief ! Stop thief !” The cry is taking by a hundred voices, ... Away they fly, splashi
ng through the mud, up go the window, out run the people. ( Dickens )
作者在第一段和第二段中分别用副词away, up和out位于句首引出四个倒装句Away they run , Away they fly, up go the window , out run the people。从而制造出一种紧张、急促的气氛 ,生动地刻画了一个紧张、混乱的捉贼场面。
倒装是英语中一个重要的修辞手段。倒装句的使用丰富了我们的语言表达,了解并掌握倒装句各种句式的用法 , 不仅会提高我们对英语语言的欣赏能力 , 对英语表达能力的提高也将大有裨益。因此,写作中适当用一些倒装句式定会使文章表达更生动、有力。
