American Puritanism 殖民地时期
( roughly from the ttlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th)
一、 Benjamin Franklin 本杰明•富兰克林
作品：
1、Poor Richard's Almanac 《格言历书》--- A Collection of maxims, or proverbs, on the value of work and savings for success.
2、The Autobiography 《自传》---“美国梦”的根源
3、参与起草《独立宣言》
浪漫主义American Romanticism
The Romantic Period stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. It is a period of the great flowering of American literature.
The social and cultural background of Romanticism
The young Republic was flourishing into a politically, economically and culturally independent country.
The Romantic writings revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on the native lands.
The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature.
The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values.
Romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics: moral enthusiasm, faith in value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies as a source of corruption.
二、Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加·爱伦·坡
又可以组什么词---poet, short story writer and literary critic (48 poems,70 short stories)
He greatly influenced the devotees of “Art for art’s sake.”
He was father of psychoanalytic criticism (心理分析批评), and the detective story. 诗歌的精髓就是追求美
小说的主题常常是恐怖和死亡，其中还运用了象征手法。
The Poetic Principle :
1. The poem, should be short, readable at one sitting;
2. Beauty (the rhythmical creation of beauty);
3. Melancholy 忧伤(especially the death of a beautiful woman).
代表作：The Fall of the Hou of Usher 《厄舍大厦的倒塌》
Ligeia 《莉盖亚》接着造句
Annabel Lee 《安娜贝尔·李》
The Raven 《乌鸦》
The Cask of Amontillado 《阿芒提拉多的酒桶》---gothic novel
人物：蒙特利瑟Montresor, 弗图纳多Fortunato ，筵席上男人将喝醉的死对头哄骗至地窖并砌墙活埋的故事。
三．爱默生
Emerson = The chief spokesman of New England Transcendentalism 超验主义
He was a descendent（后裔） of a long line of New England clergymen牧师【pasto
r】.
散文家、诗人、超验主义的哲学的主要倡导者。
American Transcendentalism
As a philosophical and literary movement, American Transcendentalism (also known as “ American Renaissance”) flourshed in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War. It is the high tide of American romanticism and its doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in Emerson and Thoreau. Transcendentalists spoke for the cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society.
Transcendentalism 超验主义(+ H. D. Thoreau; Nathaniel Hawthorne; )
The major features of Transcendentalism:
1妈妈和宝宝The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the univer. 思想 超灵 宇宙射手男和狮子女
2The Transcendentalists stresd the importance of the individual. To them, the荒山承包 individual is the most important element of Society. 个体+社会
③ The Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was not purely matter. It was alive, filled with God’s overwhelming prence. 自然+上帝
代表作：Nature《论自然》---the Bible of Transcendentalism by Emerson ；
Self-Reliance 《论自助》 ---是表达他的超验主义观点的最重要作品之一一 The American Scholar《论美国学者》 ；
迁客是什么意思The Over-soul 《论超灵》
四、Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑 --- effected by 超验主义 机智勇敢
He was born into a prominent Puritan family.
One of the most ambivalent（矛盾的）writers in the American literary history.
主要成就： 美国心理分析小说的开创者 浪漫主义小说家 心理小说家
代表作：Moss from an Old Man 《古宅青苔》;
Twice-Told Tales 《故事重述》;
The Marble Faun 《玉石雕像》;
The Hou of the Seven Gables 《带有七个尖角阁的房子》
The Scarlet Letter《红字》
Many of his earlier stories had treated themes that led to The Scarlet Letter.
Theme:
Puritan verity toward x and matrimony and its tendency to suppress bright color and true feelings.
The Scarlet Letter《红字》 ：
Hester Prynne---strong-willed, impetuous, a king of compassionate, maternal figure;
Pearl---innocent, perceptive;
Roger Chillingworth---a man deficient in human warmth, true evil in the story;
为什么叫女儿墙Arthur Dimmesdale---intelligent and emotional.
[Symbolism in his works
Hawthorne is a master of symbolism, which he took from the Puritan tradition 清教徒传统and bequeathed to American literature in a revivified form. In his masterpiece, by using
