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托福阅读TPO3(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Architecture
托福阅读原文明星有哪些名字
Architecture is theart and science of designing structures that organize and enclo space forpractical and symbolic purpos. Becau architecture grows out of human needsand aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values. Of all the visualarts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines thecharacter of the human environment in major ways.
Architecture is athree-dimensional form. It utilizes space, mass, texture, line, light, andcolor. T o be architecture, a building must achieve a working harmony with avariety of elements. Humans instinctively ek structures that will shelter and enhance their way of life. It is the work of architects to createbuildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration anddelight. Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter, enrichspace, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible.The client who pays for the building and defines its function is an importantmember of the architectural team. The mediocre design of many contemporarybuildings can be traced to both尾气超标
形容垃圾人的讽刺句子clients and architects.
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乘法口诀手抄报In order for thestructure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpo,architecture employs methods of support that, becau they are bad onphysical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them—even while building materials havechanged dramatically.Theworld’s architecturalstructures have also beendevidin relation to the objectivelimitations of materials. Structures can be analyzed in terms of how they dealwith downward forces created by gravity. They are designed to withstand theforces of compression (pushing together), tension (pulling apart), bending, ora combination of the in different parts of the structure.
Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes. Materials andmethods of construction are integralparts of the design of architecturestructures. In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systemssuitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick.Today technology has progresd to the point where it is possible to invent newbuilding materials to suit the type of structure desired. Enormous changes inmaterials and techniques of construction within the last few generations havemade it possible to enclo space with much greater ea and speed and with aminimum of
material. Progress in this area can be measured by the difference inweight between buildings built now and tho of comparable size built onehundred years ago.
孕妇腰酸Modernarchitectural forms generally have three parate components comparable toelements of the human body: a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skinenclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems. Theequipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, andair-conditioning. Of cour in early architecture—suchas igloos and adobe structures—there was no suchequipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one.
美国nasaMuch of the world’s great architecture has beenconstructed of stone becau of its beauty, permane
nce, and availability. Inthe past, whole cities grew from thearduoustask of cutting and pilingstone upon. Some of the world’s finest stonearchitecture can be en in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchuhigh in the eastern Andes Mountains of Peru. Thedoorways andwindowsare made possible by placing over the open spaces thick stone beamsthat support the weight from above. A structural invention had to be madebefore the physical limitations of stone could be overcome and newarchitectural forms could be created. That invention was the arch, a curvedstructure originally made of
parate stone or brick gments. The arch wasud by the early cultures of the Mediterranean area chiefly for undergrounddrains, but it was the Romans who first developed and ud the arch extensivelyin aboveground structures. Roman builders perfected the micircular arch madeof parate blocks of stone. As a method of spanning space, the arch cansupport greater weight than a horizontal beam. It works in compression todivert the weight above it out to the sides, where the weight is borne by thevertical elements on either side of the arch. The arch is among the manyimportant structural breakthroughs that have characterized architecturethroughout the centuries.
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托福阅读试题
1. According toparagraph 1, all of the following statements about architecture are true EXCEPT:
A.Architecture isvisual art.
B.Architecturereflects the cultural values of its creators.
C.Architecture hasboth artistic and scientific dimensions.
