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沙漠中的绿洲Financial Risk Management
Although financial risk has incread significantly in recent years, risk and risk management are not contemporary issues. The result of increasingly global markets is that risk may originate with events thousands of miles away that have nothing to do with the domestic market. Information is available instantaneously, which means that change, and subquent market reactions, occur very quickly. The economic climate and markets can be affected very quickly by changes in exchange rates, interest rates, and commodity prices. Counterparties can rapidly become
problematic. As a result, it is important to ensure financial risks are identified and managed appropriately. Preparation is a key component of risk management.
What Is Risk?
Risk provides the basis for opportunity. The terms risk and exposure have subtle differences in their meaning. Risk refers to the probability of loss, while exposure is the possibility of loss, although they are often ud interchangeably. Risk aris as a result of exposure. Exposure to financial markets affects most organizations, either directly or indirectly. When an organization has financial market exposure, there is a possibility of loss but also an opportunity for gain or profit. Financial market exposure may provide strategic or competitive benefits.
紫草根Risk is the likelihood of loss resulting from events such as changes in market prices. Events with a low probability of occurring, but that may result in a high loss, are particularly troublesome becau they are often not anticipated. Put another way, risk is the probable variability of returns. Since it is not always possible or desirable to eliminate risk, understanding it is an important step in determining how to manage it. Identifying exposures and risks forms the basis
for an appropriate financial risk management strategy. How Does Financial Risk?
Financial risk aris through countless transactions of a financial nature, including sales and purchas, investments and loans, and various other business activities. It can ari as a result of legal transactions, new projects, mergers and acquisitions, debt financing, the energy component of
costs, or through the activities of management, stakeholde rs, competitors, foreign governments, or weather. When financial prices change dramatically, it can increa costs, reduce revenues, or otherwi adverly impact the profitability of an organization. Financial fluctuations may make it more difficult to plan and budget, price goods and rvices, and allocate capital.
There are three main sources of financial risk:
1. Financial risks arising from an organization’s exposure to changes in market prices, such as interest rates, exchange rates, and commodity prices.
2. Financial risks arising from the actions of, and transactions with, other organizations such as vendors, customers, and counterparties in derivatives transactions
3. Financial risks resulting from internal actions or failures
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of the organization, particularly people, process, and systems
What Is Financial Risk Management?
Financial risk management is a process to deal with the uncertainties resulting from financial market
s. It involves asssing the financial risks facing an organization and developing management strategies consistent with internal priorities and policies. Addressing financial risks proactively may provide an organization with a competitive advantage. It also ensures that management, operational staff, stakeholders, and the board of directors are in agreement on key issues of risk.
Managing financial risk necessitates making organizational decisions about risks that are acceptable versus tho that are not. The passive strategy of taking no action is the acceptance of all risks by default. Organizations manage financial risk using a variety of strategies and products. It is important to understand how the products and strategies work to reduce risk
within the context of the organization’s risk tolerance and objectives.
寻乌Strategies for risk management often involve derivatives.
Derivatives are traded widely among financial institutions and on organized exchanges. The value of derivatives contracts, such as futures, forwards, options, and swaps, is derived from the price of the underlying ast. Derivatives trade on interest rates, exchange rates, commodities, equity and fixed income curities, credit, and even weather.
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The products and strategies ud by market participants to manage financial risk are the same ones ud by speculators to increa leverage and risk. Although it can be argued that widespread u of derivatives increas risk, the existence of derivatives enables tho who wish to reduce risk to pass it along to tho who ek risk and its associated opportunities.
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The ability to estimate the likelihood of a financial loss is highly desirable. However, standard theories of probability often fail in the analysis of financial markets. Risks usually do not exist in isolation, and the interactions of veral exposures may have to be considered in developing an understanding of how financial risk aris. Sometimes, the interactions are difficult to forecast, since they ultimately depend on human behavior.
The process of financial risk management is an ongoing
