景观设计的基本要素和原则Dewayne L. Ingram 2
杜甫的诗300首Landscaping combines elements of art and science to create a functional, aesthetically pleasing extension of indoor living to the outdoors.美化环境与设计要素的结合与艺术和科学创造具有同样的效用。美观的室内生活延伸到室外。 One initial purpo of landscape design is to blend man's technology (hou or building) into the natural surroundings.最初的目的之一，景观设计是结合人的技术（房屋或建筑物）的自然景观。 To work toward a desirable landscape design, the landscape horticulturist must have a working knowledge of art elements and design principles.努力实现理想的景观设计，园林园艺必须有工作经验的艺术内容和设计原则。 This publication is intended for the commercial landscaper with little or no training in the u of the basic principles.这篇文章的目的是为商业景观很少或根本没有训练使用这些基本原则。在这里要申明的是This publication is not a complete landscape design text.该文章不是一个完整的景观设计文本。
ELEMENTS OF ART艺术元素
Elements of art include but are not limited to color, line, form, texture and scale.艺术要素包括但不限于颜色，路线，形式，质地和规模。 The elements are never independent of each other, but we will discuss their individual natures before considering the interactions.搭拉这些要素是从未彼此独立的，但我们将讨论它们的性质，然后再考虑个人的互动。
Color variation can best be explained by u of a color wheel ( Figure 1 ).颜色变化，才能最好地解释了使用色轮。 Primary colors are red, blue and yellow.原色是红，蓝，黄色。 Orange, green and violet are called condary colors becau they are combinations of two primary colors.橙色，绿色和紫色的颜色被称为中学，因为它们是组合两个主要颜色。 For example, yellow and red are combined to yield orange.例如，黄色和红色相结合，产量橙色。 Tertiary colors are the fusion of one primary and one condary color.第三颜色融合的一所小学和中学的颜色。 The colors would be between primary and condary colors.这些颜色将在小学和中学的颜色。
Tint refers to a light value and is accomplished by adding white to the pure color on the color wheel, while shade is a dark value and is created by adding black to the pure color on the color wheel.着色是指轻价值和是通过增加的纯白色的色色轮，而阴影是一个黑暗的价值和创造的增加是
黑色的纯色的色轮。 Black, white and grey are neutrals and are compatible with any color.黑色，白色和灰色是中立色，并与任何颜色都比较搭配。 Light colors and tints tend to attract attention as do bright, vivid colors.光的颜色和色彩往往会引起人们的注意一样明亮，生动的色彩。
Colors are combined into color schemes for practical applications.颜色组合成的颜色方案的实际应用。 铜基合金Three basic color schemes are monochromatic, analogous and complementary.三种基本的颜色方案是单色，类似和互补性。 A monochromatic color scheme consists of different tints and shades of one color and is ldom achieved in its pure form in the landscape.单色配色方案由不同的色彩和色调的一种颜色和很少取得的纯形式的景观。 An example of an incomplete monochromatic color scheme would include white and pink flowers with a background of a dark pink and red brick hou.一个例子，一个不完整的单色配色方案将包括白色和粉红色花的背景下进行的粉红色和黑色的红砖房子。
Analogous color schemes combine colors which are adjacent or side-by-side on the color wheel.类似的颜色配置相结合的颜色是邻近或并排的色轮。 An analogous color scheme could include green, blue-green, green-blue, blue and violet blue.一曲阳关类似的配色方案可以包括绿，蓝，绿，绿蓝，蓝，紫蓝色。 This color scheme could be achieved by varying the foliage color from green to blue-green or by using pyracantha with orange-red berries against a red brick hou.这种配色方案可以通过不同颜色的树叶从绿色变成蓝绿色或使用火棘与橙红色浆果的红砖房子。
Complementary color schemes combine colors directly across the color wheel.补色计划相结合的颜色直接在色轮。 For example, red and green would be complementary colors.例如，红色和绿色将是互补色。 A complementary color scheme may be achieved by using plants with green foliage against a red brick hou.补充配色方案可实现使用植物与绿色树叶对红砖房子。 It is possible to have varying color schemes in one area of the landscape as the asons change.这是可能有不同的颜色配置在一个地区的景观的季节变化。 White and pink azaleas flowers can yield a monochromatic color scheme with a red brick hou.白色和粉红色的杜鹃花可产生单色配色方案与红砖房子。为你而 The green azalea foliage would produce a complementary color for the red brick during the summer.绿色杜鹃枝叶会产生互补色的红砖在夏季。 Pyracantha berries would be an analogous color to the red brick in the fall.火棘果实将是一个类似颜色的红砖在秋季。 The landscape designer should consider the color changes throughout the year when developing a landscape plan.景观设计师应考虑颜色变化时，全年计划开发一种景观。
质量密度Colors can be ud to visually change distance perspective.
颜色可用于视力变化距离的观点。 Warm colors and light tints like red, orange, yellow and white advance an object or area toward the obrver.温暖的颜色和冷色彩喜欢红，橙，黄和白色的物体提前或地区对观察员出席了会议。 The colors and tints placed near the foundation of a hou would make the hou appear clor to the street.这些颜色和色彩放在附近一所房子的基础会使房子似乎更接近街。冷色彩和深色喜欢蓝色，绿色和黑色的消退和可以用来制造房子似乎远离街。 Cool colors are restful while warm colors express action and are best ud in filtered light or against a green or dark background.冷色宁静而温暖的颜色表示，最好的行动，并使用筛选轻或针对一个绿色或暗背景。
Color can be ud to direct attention in the landscape.颜色可以用来直接关注的景观。 Due to this strong characteristic, color should be ud carefully.由于这种强烈的特点，颜色应小心使用。 When color is ud for this purpo, consideration must be given to year-round color not just to asonal color.当颜色是用于此目的，必须考虑到全年的颜色不只是季节性的色彩。 Consideration may also be given to the time of day when this color will be enjoyed.还可以考虑的时间时，这个颜色将享受。 教师专业成长>神农后裔White or light tints could be ud to create interest on a patio.白色或浅色彩可以用来创造利益的天井。 Dark colors would add little to family enjoyment of this area as the daylight hours pasd.暗色会增加一点家庭享受这一领域的白天过去了。
