关联词语大全美国文学销售利润率公式
1.殖民地时期及独立革命战争时期的美国文学
矮小的反义词Philip Freneau（菲利普﹒弗瑞诺）
(1)He was considered as the “Poet of the American revolution” as the most outstanding poet in America of the 18th century. (2)He was a satirist, a bitter polemicist. (3)He wrote many poems encouraging revolution and encouraging the glory that would be won by overcoming the British.
The Wild Honey Suckle 《野金银花》
The Indian Burying Ground 《印第安人的殡葬地》
The British Ship《英国囚船》
The Rising Glory of America 《美洲光辉的兴起》
(1)The Wild Honey Suckle is Freneau’s best lyric (2)It anticipated the 19th—century u of simple nature imagery.鸡蛋小蛋糕
The Indian Burying Ground anticipated romantic primitivism and the celebration of the “Noble Savage”.
Thomas Jefferson（托马斯﹒杰弗逊）
The Declaration of Independence《独立宣言》
性格爱好
(1)The Declaration of Independence was adopted July 4, 1776. (2)It not only announced the birth of a new nation, but also expounded a philosophy of human freedom. (3)It lists 13 cruelties committed by the King of Britain. (4)The famous lines are: “We hold the truths to be lf-evident, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among the are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.”(5) Thomas Jefferson’s thought was inspired by the thoughts of John Locke.
2.浪漫主义时期的美国文学
Calvinism（加尔文主义）
(1)Calvinism refers to the religious teachings of John Calvin and his followers. (2) Calvin taught that only certain persons, the elect, were chon by God to be saved, and the could be saved only by God’s grace. (3) Calvinis m forms the basis for the doctrines and practices of the Huguenots, Puritan
s, Presbyterians, and the Reformed churches.
American Romanticism（美国浪漫主义）
(1) American Romanticism is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature. (2) It was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism. For romantics, the feelings ,intuitions and emotions were more important than reason and common n. They emphasized individualism, placing the individual against the group. They affirmed the inner life of the lf, and cherished strong interest in the past, the wild, the remote, the mysterious and the strange. They stresd the element “Americanness” in their works. (3)It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Grass. (4) Being a period of the great flowering of American literature, it is also called “the American Renaissance.” (5) American Romanticists include such literary figures as Washington Irving, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, William Cullen Bryant, Henry Wordsworth Longfellow, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, Herman Melville, Walt Whitman and some others.
Transcendentalism（超验主义）
(1) Transcendentalism refers to the religious and philosophical doctrines of Ralph Waldo Emerson a
nd others in New England in the middle 1800’s, which emphasized the importance of individual inspiration and intuition, the Over—soul, and Nature. Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, lf—reliant. (2)New England Transcendentalism is the product of a combination of native American Puritanism and European Romanticism.
Free ver（自由体诗歌）
(1)Free ver means the rhymed or unrhymed poetry compod without paying attention to conventional rules of meter.(2) Free ver was originated by a group of French poets of the late 19th century. (3)Their purpo was to free themlves from the restrictions of formal metrical patterns and to recreate instead the free rhythms of natural speech. (4)Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Grass is, perhaps, the most notable example.
Symbol（象征）
(1) Symbol means an act, a person, a thing, or a spectacle that stands for something el, usually something less palpable than the named symbol. (2) The relationship between the symbol and its referent is not often one of simple equivalence. Allegorical symbols usually express a neater
equivalence with what they stand for than the symbols found in modern realistic fiction.
Theme（主题）
(1) Theme means the unifying point or general idea of a literary work. (2) It provides an answer to such questions as “What is the work about?”(3)Each literary work carries its own theme or themes. For example, King Lear has many themes, among which are blindness and madness.
3.现实主义与自然主义时期的美国文学
American Naturalism(美国自然主义)
(1)The American Naturalists accepted the more negative interpretation of Darwin’s evolutionary theory and ud it to account for the behavior of tho characters in literary works who were regarded as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic forces.
(2)American Naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less rious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence.
(3)Dreir is a leading figure of his school.
Darwinism(达尔文主义)
far反义词
(1)Darwinism is a term that comes from Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory.
(2)Darwinist think that tho who survive in the world are the fittest and tho who fail to adapt themlves to the environment will perish. They believe that man has evolved from lower forms of life. Humans are special not becau God created them in His image, but becau they have successfully adapted to changing environmental conditions and have pasd on their survival-making characteristics genetically.
(3)Influenced by this theory, some American naturalist writers apply Darwinism as an explanation of human nature and social reality.豆瓣鲫鱼
Local Colorists(乡土作家)
(1)Generally speaking, the writing of local colorists are concerned with the life of a small, well-defined region or province. The characteristic tting is the isolated small town.
(2)Local colorists were consciously nostalgic historian of a vanishing way of life, recorders of a
prent that faded before their eyes. Yet for all their ntimentality, they dedicated themlves to minutely accurate descriptions of the life of their regions. They worked from personal experience to record the facts of a local environment and suggested that the native life was shaped by the curious conditions of the locale.
(3)Major local colorists include Hamlin Garland, Mark Twain , Kate Chopin, etc.
Theodore Dreir(西奥多·德莱塞)
He is generally acknowledged as one of America’s literary naturalists.
Works Sister Carrie《嘉莉妹妹》
(1) Sister Carrie tells about a poor country girl (Carrie Meeber) who goes
to Chicago to pursue the American Dream.
(2) The novel shows Dreir’s naturalistic view about life by illustrating
the purpolessness of life.
(3) The dominant symbol of the novel is the rocking chair that is the rocking chair that is
indicative of the uncertainty of life.
Jennie Gerhardt《珍妮姑娘》
Trilogy of Desire《欲望》三部曲
a. The Financier《金融家》
b. The Titan《巨人》
c. The Stoic《斯多》
The Genius 《天才》
An American Tragedy 《美国的悲剧》
(1) An American Tragedy is Dreir’s greatest work and the title of the
Book implies Dreir intention to tell us that it is the social pressure
that makes Clyde’s downfall inevitable.
(2) Clyde’s tragedy is a tragedy that depends upon the American social
system which encouraged people to pursue the “dream of success ” at
all costs.
Sherwood Anderson (舍伍德·安德森)
(1)He has been called the first of America’s “psychological writers”becau he first explored the motivations and frustrations of his fictional characters in terms of Sigmund Freud’s theories of psychology.
(2)He tremendously influenced such writers as Hemingway and Faulkner.
Works Winesburg, Ohio《小镇畸人》
(1) Winesburg, Ohio is a collection of 23 interrelated stories of
至相寺
samll-town life. The stories sound morbid and grotesque, but
Underneath them runs a strong desire to communicate, and love and
be loved.
(2) It won the author a foremost position in contemporary American
literary.
4.现代时期的美国文学
The Lost Generation (迷惘的一代)
(1)The Lost Generation is a term first ud by Gertrude Stein to describe the post-World War I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a n of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war.
(2)Full of youthful idealism, the individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.
(3)The three best-know reprentatives of Lost Generation are F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway and John Dos Passos.
(4)Others usually included among the list are Sherwood Anderson, Kay Boyle, Hart Crane, Ford Maddox Ford and Zelda Fitzgerald.
Imagism (意象派诗歌)
（1）Imagism came into being in Britain ans U.S. around 1910 as a reaction to the traditional English poetry to express the n of fragmentation and dislocation.
（2）The imagists, with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the most effective means to express the momentary impressions is through the u of one dominant image.
（3）Imagism is characterized by the following three poetic principles:
i) direct treatment of subject matter;
ii) economy of expression;
iii) as regards rhythm, to compo in the quence of the musical phra, not in the quence of
