语言学概论
1.Language—a system of arbitrary vocal symbols ud for human communication
2.Nature of language
Arbitrary. Systematic. Vocal. Symbolic. human specific for communication
3.Design features of language
1Productivity/creativity. produce or understand indefinite ntences by using finite t of rules
2微弱的近义词Duality. Sounds and meaning system
3Arbitrariness: no connection between words and meanings.
4Displacement. overcome barriers caud by space and time
5Transferability. Spoken and read, transfer into each other.
6Cultural transmission：Language and culture are cloly connected. Languages are parts of culture， 情侣背影图片reflect culture and pass on from generation to generation by learning
4.Function of language
1informative function(最重要)
2phatic function—maintain social relationship
3recording function
4performative function带来行为效果
5physiological/emotive/expressive function
6recreation function(pleasure function)
5.some basic distinctions in linguistic（ 前三个是老师重点讲的）
1langue and parole(语言和言语)
﹡Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community
Parole refers to particular realization of langue
﹡Langue is the social, conventional side of language
Parle is individualized speech
﹡Langue is relatively stable and systematic, whereas
Parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors
﹡Langue and Parole together constitute language
⑵synchronic and diachronic(共识语言学和历识语言学)
﹡Language can be studied at a given point in time or over time一目了然的意思
﹡when we study language at one particular time, it is called synchronic study(synchr
菊花品质onic linguistics)[state of language at any point in history]
﹡when we study language developments through time diachronic study(diachronic/linguistics)[differences of two or more than two languages over time]
⑶competence and performance(能力和表现)
﹡competence—the knowledge that native speakers have of their language as a system of abstract formal relations
1what he knows
2the ideal language urs knowledge of that language system
3stable
﹡performance—their actual linguistic behavior， the actual u of this knowledge
1what he does
2the actual realization of the language ur’s knowledge
3variable
﹡The language ur’s performance is not a true reflection of his competence
⑷ prescriptive and descriptive
Prescriptive grammars tell what should be in the language.
Descriptive grammars tell what is in the language.
⑸ speech and writing
In the past, spoken language is primary, but not the written, and the spoken language in some n dependent upon the standard written language. However, language is primarily vocal.
6.Scope of phonetics ①articulatory phonetics 发音语言学
（简答题） ②acoustic phonetics声学语言学
③auditory phonetics听觉语言学
7.Constant分类
⑴place of articulation
1bilabial双唇音 ② labiodental 唇齿音 ③ interdental /dental齿间音
④ alveolar齿龈音 ⑤ palatal腭音 ⑥ velar软腭音
⑦ uvula小舌音 攲斜造句 ⑧ glottal声门音
⑵manner of articulation
1stops/plosives爆破音 ② fricatives摩擦音 ③ affricates塞擦音
④ nasals鼻音 ⑤ liquids流音 ⑥ glides滑音
8.Phonemes 音素 （定义题）
定义：the minimum phonemic unit that is not further analyzable into smaller units
留言信箱
今晚8009.Minimal pairs and ts (定义或者分析题)
﹡Minimal pairs: two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound gment that occurs in the same place in the string, the two words are called minimal pairs
﹡Minimal ts: more than two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound gment that occurs in the same place in the string, the words are called minimal ts
10.Complementary distribution互补分布（0x000000a分析题—见原来那张练习）
When two or more sounds never occur in an identical phonemic context or environment, they are said to be in complementary distribution
11.Pitch音高
Intonation语调---pitch differences that extend over phonetic units larger than the syllables
Tone声调--- pitch variations
12.Morpheme: A morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that carries grammatical and/or mantic meaning. 可分为 free morpheme and bound morpheme.
free morpheme：some morphemes like car, talk, friend, can stand alone as words. (定义题) 又可分为lexical morpheme and functional morpheme
bound morpheme(affixes): the morphemes which can not stand alone, but function only as parts of words.
（定义题） 又可分为derivational morpheme and inflectional morpheme
13.Word formation (简答题)
1Compounding合成词
2Derivation派生词
3Conversion词形不变，词性变化
