语言学复习
Chapter 1 Linguistics and Language袋子的英文
一、(1) Linguistics: is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but it studies languages in general.
(2) The scope of linguistics (语言学的研究范畴）
The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.
①Phonetics the study of sounds, which are ud in linguistics communications.
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② Phonology the study of how sounds are put together and ud in linguistic communication.
③ Morphology the study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words.
④ Syntax the study of how morphemes and words are combined to form ntences.
⑤ Semantics the study of meaning in language.
⑥ Pragmatics the study of meaning in context of u.
⑦ Sociolinguistics the studies of all the social aspects of language and its relation with society form the core the branch.
⑧ Psycholinguistics the study of language to psychology.word打钩
⑨ Applied linguistics the study of such applications. But in narrow n applied linguistics refers to the applications of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and cond languages.
(3) Some important distinctions in linguistics
1) Prescriptive(规定性) vs. descriptive(描述性)
If a linguistic study of aims to describe and analyze the language people actually u, it is said to be descriptive.
If the linguistic study aims to lay down rules to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.
2) Langue(语言张小娴经典爱情语录) and parole（话语）--made by the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure
Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization (concrete) of langue in actual u.
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3) Competence(能力) and performance(运用) --propod by the American linguist N. Chomsky
Competence was defined as the ideal ur' s knowledge of the rules of his language;
Performance was defined as the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
4) Traditional grammar and modern linguistics( 3 points of differences )
First, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is perspective.
Second, modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians tended to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize, the importance written word.
Third, modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-bad framework.
二、(1) Language: is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols ud for human communication.
(2) Design features(本质特征）of language
Design features refer to the defining properties human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.
①Arbitrariness It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.
②Productivity(creativity) Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its urs.
③Duality Language is a system, which consists of two ts of structures, or two levels. At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themlves; At the higher level of the system there are a large number of units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which are grouped and regrouped by the sounds of language.
④Displacement(移位性) Displacement means that language can be ud to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.
虫草花炖汤 ⑤Cultural transmission(语言的文化传递性)
(3) Functions of language (three main functions are often recognized of language)
① The descriptive function ② The expressive function ③ The social function
商量的读音 The descriptive function, also referred to differently as the cognitive(认知的)，or referential, or propositional function, is assumed to be the primary function of language. It is the function to convey factual information, which can be asrted or denied, and in some cas even verified(已证实的).
In the early 1970s the British linguist M.A.K. Halliday put foward a system that contains three macrofunctions: (1) The ideational（概念） is to organize the speaker or writer' s experience of the real or imaginary world.
(2) The interpersonal（人际） is to indicate, establish, or maintain social relationships between people.
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