Existence
长征起点和终点
Existence is what is asrted by the verb 'exist' (derived from the Latin word 'existere', meaning to appear or emerge or stand out). The word 'exist' is certainly a grammatical predicate, but philosophers have long disputed whether it is also a logical predicate.
Some philosophers claim that it predicates something called 'existence' of the subject. Thus 'four-leaved clover exists' predicates 'exists' of the subject 'four-leafed clover'. Cognates for this predicate are 'is real', 'has being', 'is found in reality', 'is in the real world' and so on.
Other philosophers have denied that existence is logically a predicate, and claim that it is merely what is asrted by the etymologically distinct verb 'is', and that all statements containing the predicate 'exists' can be reduced to statements that do not u this predicate. For example, 'Four-leaved clover exists' can be analyd into the equivalent statement 'some clover is four-leaved', where the verb 'is' connects the subject 'some clover' with the predicate 'four-leaved'.
This philosophical question is an old one, and has been discusd and argued over by philosophers from Aristotle, through Avicenna, Aquinas, Scotus, Hume, Kant, Kierkegaard and many others.
跑步频率Nature
Much attention has been given to prerving the natural characteristics of Hopetoun Falls, Australia, while allowing ample access for visitors.
Nature, in the broadest n, is equivalent to the 大电池natural world, physical univer, material world临沂大学是几本 or material univer. "Nature" refers to the phenomena of the physical world, and also to life in general. Manufactured objects and human interaction are not considered part of nature unless qualified in ways such as "human nature" or "the whole of nature". Nature is generally distinguished from the supernatural. It ranges in scale from the subatomic to the galactic.
The word nature is derived from the Latin word natura, or "the cour of things, natural ch
aracter."[1] Natura was a Latin translation of the Greek word physis (φύσις), which originally related to the intrinsic characteristics that plants, animals, and other features of the world develop of their own accord.[2] This is shown in the first written u of the word φύσι达摩兰ς, in connection with a plant.[3] The concept of nature as a whole, the physical univer, is one of veral expansions of the original notion; it began with certain core applications of the word φύσις by pre-Socratic philosophers, and has steadily gained currency ever since. This usage was confirmed during the advent of modern scientific method in the last veral centuries.[4][5]
Within the various us of the word today, "nature" may refer to the general realm of various types of living plants and animals, and in some cas to the process associated with inanimate objects – the way that particular types of things exist and change of their own accord, such as the weather and geology of the Earth, and the matter and energy of which all the things are compod. It is often taken to mean the "natural environment" or wilderness – wild animals, rocks, forest, beaches, and in general
tho things that have not been substantially altered by human intervention, or which persist despite human intervention. This more traditional concept of natural things which can still be found today implies a distinction between the natural and the artificial, with the latter being understood as that which has been brought into being by a human or human-like consciousness or mind.
Existence precedes esnce
"Existence precedes esnce", is a philosophic concept bad on the idea of existence without hysplitesnce. For humanity, it means that humanity may exist, but humanity's existence does not mean anything at least at the beginning. This concept can be applied at the individual level as well. The value and meaning of this existence—or esnce—is created only later. It directly and strongly rejects many traditional beliefs including religious beliefs that humankind is given a knowable purpo by its creator or other deity. The idea of "existence precedes esnce" is a key foundational concept of existentialism.
The idea can be found in the works of Averroes in the 12th century[1] and Mulla Sadra in 读书卡图片
the 17th century,[2] and was later more explicitly formulated by Jean-Paul Sartre in the 20th century. Simone de Beauvoir also us this concept in her feminist existentialism to develop the idea that "one is not born a woman, but becomes one".
Whereas previous methods of philosophical thought held that "esnce precedes existence", a concept which dates back to Avicenna[1] and Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi,[3] Sartre flips this around arguing that for humans, existence precedes esnce. In the former mode of thought, there is some creator who conceives of an idea or purpo of an object, say a knife for example, and then creates it with the esnce of the object already prent. The esnce of what the knife will be exists before the actual knife itlf. For Sartre, who did not believe in God as the creator of humanity, believed that if there is no God to have conceived of our esnce or nature, then we must come into existence first, and then create our own esnce out of interaction with our surroundings and ourlves. With this come rious implications of lf-responsibility over who we become and who we are. There is no longer, for Sartre, some universal "human nature".
