UNIT ONE
Indust rialEngine ering Educat ion for the 21st Centur y
21世纪的工业工程教育
The 21st centur y is just a few yearsaway. Strate gic planne rs all over the world a re usingthe year 2000 as the pointfuture busine ss activi ties.Are we all ready f or that time? As the indust rialworldprepar es to meet the techno logic al chall e n gesof the 21st centur y, thereis a need to focuson the people who will take it there. People will be the most import ant of the “man-machin e-materi al” system s compet ing in the next centur y. IEs should play a crucia l role in prepar ing organ i z atio ns for the 21st centur y throug h theirrolesas change initia torsand facil i t ator s. Improv ement s are needed in IE underg radua te educat ion if that role is to be succes sfull y carrie d out.
21世纪来临在即，全世界的战略家们把2000年作为商业活动的焦点。我们的工业工程教育为这一时刻的到来做好准备了吗？当工业界去迎接21世纪的技术进步时，有必要去关注将要从事这些技术挑战的人。在下一个世纪，人将是“人-机-物料”系统竞争中最重要的构成部分。工业工程师为21世纪在正在准备的组织工程中扮演了一个至关重要的角色，他们的角色是作为创始者和促进者。如果这个角色成功执行的话，在工业工程本科教育过程中，改进是必须的。
Underg radua te educat ion is the founda tionfor profes sionpracti ce. Underg radua te progra m are the basisfor entryinto gradua te school; and otherprofes siona l field s.To facili tatethis transi tion,urgent improv ement s are needed in educat ion strat e g ies.Severa l educat ors have recogn izedthat the way engine ering is practi ced has change d dramat icall y over the year and an upgrad e is needed in engine ering educa t i on. Educat ors, employ ers and practi tione rs are callin g for a better integr atio n of scienc e with the concep ts of design and practi ce throug houtthe engine ering curric ulum.Such an integr ation should be a key compon ent of any educat ion refor m in prepar ation for the 21st centur y.
本科教育是专业实践的基础，本科教育的课程是进入研究院和其它专业领域的基础。为了
促进这个转变，在教育策略方面作以紧迫改进是必须的。很多教育者已经意识到工程教育
实施的这种方式在很多年中有了很大的变化，并且意识到工程教育中的改善是必要的，教
育者、雇主和从业者提倡用设计和实践的观念，通过工程课程使其有一个较好的科学的综合。这种综合将是为21世纪作准备的任何教育改革的一个关键的要素。
Hurrie d attemp ts to improv e educat ion are beingmade in many areas. We know have termslike "to
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talqualit y manage mentfor Academ ia, "just-in-time educat ion," and "contin uous educat ion improv ment". Unfort unate ly, many of the repres ent mere
rhetor ics that are not backed by practi cal implem entat ion models. IE should take the lead in reforming its own curric ulumso that it can help to developed practical implem entat ion models that can be ud by otherdiscip lines. Many educat ors and admini strat ors are arch ing for ways to transf orm improv ement rhetor ics and slogan s into action. Models develo ped by IEs can provid e the answer s.
许多地方在尝试着快速改进教育，在学术界，我们已经有了像学院全面质量管理，准时制
鱼翅怎么做以及持续的教育改革等专业术语。遗憾的是，很多这样的词汇仅仅是口号，而没有以可行的实践为基础，工业工程应该率先改革其自身专业，这样就有助于产生出可以运用在其他学
科的可行性的实践模式，很多教育学家和管理者正在寻求能把理论和标语运用于实际的办法，经由工业工程师发展的模式将会提供答案．
Qualit y in IE educat ion
Incorp orati on qualit y concep ts into educat ion is a goal that should be pursue d at nation al, state,
localand instit ution levels. Existi ng models of totalqualit y manage ment(TQM) and contin uousproces s improv ement(CPI) can be adopte d for curri c u lumimprov ement. Howeve r, becaus e of the unique nature of academ ia. re-defini tion o f TQM will be necess ary so that the approa ch will be compat iblewith the acade m i c proces s. For exampl e, in indust ry, the idea of zero defect s makesn. But in academ ia, we cannot procla im zero defect s in our gradua tes sincetheirsuccess on the job cannot be guaran teed. Noneth eless, the basicconcep ts of improv ing produc t qualit y are applic ableto improv ing any educat ion proces s. Clynes, while r eflec tionon discus sions he partic ipate d in at a Nation al Rear ch Counci l collo q u iumon engine ering educat ion, said "Teachi ng qualit y, like a compan y’s customer rvic e, can neverbe too good and always needsattent ion for improv ement". This is true. A carefu l review of IE curric ulumwill reveal areasfor improv ement. This will help avoidstalecurric ula that may not meet the curren t needsof the socie t y.
工业工程教育的质量
将质量理念融入到教育之中是民族，国家，地区甚至是协会标准的追求目标，现有的全面质量管理和持续程序改进模式可以纳入课程改革。但是，由于学术界的独特性，重新定义
全面质量是必要的，这与理论的进程是一致的。例如，在工业上，零缺陷很有意义，所以在学术界我们就不能宣称零缺陷，由于毕业生在工作方面的成功不能得到保证。不过，提高
产品质量的基本理念同样适用于任何教育过程。Clynes在参加国家工程教育学术讨论会时，经仔细考虑说，“教育本质就像公司对消费者的服务一样，不可能达到最好，需要不断的改进。”的确，仔细回顾工业工程课程能够发现需要改进的地方，这就有助于避免过时的，不能应用于当今社会要求的课程。
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Theory and practi ce
Teachi ng determ inesthe crux of rear ch whilerear ch determ inesthe crux of teach
i n g. Integr ation of teachi ng and rear ch is requir ed for effect ive profes siona l practi ce. The need to incorp orate some aspect of practi ce into engine ering educa t i on has been addres d widely in the litera ture. Pritsk er recomm endsthat profe s s orsmust combin e rear ch interests with teachi ng respon sibil ities. The declining stateof univer sityeducat ion was descri bed by Samuel son with respec t to waste ,lax academ ic standa rds and medioc re teachi ng and schola rship. Thespecif ic probl e m s have been citedin the litera ture.
l Increa singunderg radua te attrit ion despit e fallin g academ ic standa rds at many school s. Decrea singteachi ng loadsin favorof increa singdedica tionto rear ch;
l Migrat ion of full profes sorsfrom underg radua te teachi ng in favorof gradua te teachi ng and rear ch;
l Watere d down conten ts of underg radua te course s in the attemp t to achiev e reten t i on goals;
l Decrea singreleva nce of underg radua te course s to real worldpracti ce.
理论和实践
教学决定着科研的核心，同时，科研也反过来影响着教学。有效的专业实践要求教学和科
研的融合。很多文献中也提出要将时间的一些方法融入到工程教育中去。Pritsk er认为教授们必须把科研兴趣和教学责任心相结合起来。Samuel son曾经描述过关于浪费，不精确的学术标准，平庸的教学方法和奖学金等大学教育的衰退现象，这些特殊的问题早已在文献中
被引证。
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l尽管许多高校已降低学术标准，本科生的人数还是不断减少，减少教学负担以便增加科学贡献。
l从本科生教学中迁移了几乎所有的教授以便研究生的教学和科研。
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l 消减本科学生的课程内容以图达到既定的目标。儿童打屁股
l 减少本科生有关的实习实践课程。
Curric ulumIntegr ation
Curric ulumintegr ation(interd iscip linar y approa ch) should be ud to addres s the proble ms citedabove.Curric ulumintegr ation should be a priori ty in reform ing educa t i on progra ms. Studen ts must unders tandthe way the worldaround them worksand be capabl e of becomi ng respon sible contri butor s to the societ y. Interd iscip linar y educa t i on offers a more holist ic approa ch to achiev ing this goal. Interd iscip linar y cours e and curric ulumimprov ement should link para te but relate d subjec ts to provi
de studen ts with compre hensi ve skills so they can adaptto the changi ng world.One form of interd iscip linar y integr ation involv es projec ts in whichstuden ts from more than one academ ic depart mentpartic ipate in join indust rialprojec ts. This facil i t ates sharin g of viewsfrom differ ent angles.
课程融合
课程融合应该着眼于解决以上提出的这些问题。学科融合应该是在教育改革计划中有优先
标准正态分布函数权的。学生们必须了解他们周围世界是怎样的，并且有能力成为一个对社会有贡献的人。
跨学科教育为达到这一目的提供了更全面的方法。交叉学科和课程改进应该把那些虽然不
同但是有关的课题联系起来，以便为学生提供广泛的技能使他们能够适应变化的社会。跨学科的融合的形式应包含来自于多个学院参加工程项目的学生，这会有利于从不同的角度看问题。
Role of the IE
Enhanc ed IE educat ion will prepar e studen ts to lead effort s to integr ate entiti es in manufa cturi ng and rvic e organi zatio n of the 21st centur y. The IE profes sion ,as a whole, facesan import ant challe nge in educat ing future IEs for this leade r s hiprole. The curren t IE curric ulumprovid es good exposu re to its many unique facet s.Indivi dualcourse s at both underg radua te and gradua te levels in many instit utio n s are compre hensi ve. Yet thereare some fundam ental defici encie s as discus d below .
工业工程的角色
日益提高的工业工程教育将为学生准备好为21世纪制造业和服务业集成实体而努力。总的来说，在培养IE领导角色方面，IE教育将面对很大的挑战。当前IE课程显示了他很多独特的方面。在许多学校本科和研究生的课程是全面的。但是还有一些根本的不足之处有待于讨论。
The academ ic curric ulumrarely emphas izesthe fundam ental philos ophyof IE itl f. That philos ophyis a holist ic approa ch to design, develo pment and implem entation of integr atedsystem s of men, machin es and materi als. Studen ts go throug h cours e s in operat ionsrear ch, manufa cturi ng, humanfactor s and so on withou t understandi ng the interr elati onshi ps betwee n theareasand the synerg istic impact this integr atedapproa ch has on man-machin e system s.
在学院课程中很少强调I E自身的哲学体系。其哲学体系是关于人，机，物料集成体系的整
体设计、发展和执行。学生学习了运筹学，机械设计，人因学等课程，但是并没有深入理
解这些领域在人机体系中集成方法的内在联系以及相互影响。
IE is quickl y losing its identi ty as a value-adding profes sion.The basiccauof this proble m is that many IEs gradua te withou t resolv ing the questi on of identi ty relate d to the follow ing questi ons:
·What para tes an IE from otherengine ers?
·What contri butio n does the profes sionmake to an organi zatio n?
IE正很快的失去它增值的特征。导致这种问题的根本原因是许多IE毕业生没有解决以下的问题：
·IE师与其他领域的工程师的区别是什么?
·这个专业对企业有何贡献?
The root of this identi ty proble m lies in the struct uredand isolat ed approa ch of variou s IE course s. This result s in specia lizat ion that is too narrow. For examp l e, gradua tes todaytend to associ ate more with focuse d profes siona l societ ies rathe r than the genera l IE. This is a distur bingdriftthat may destro y the identi ty of IE as we now know it.
这些问题的根源是由于各种IE课程结构的和孤立的方法。这导致了专业研究上的狭隘。例如，现在的毕业生倾向于更多地密集的专业社会领域而不是基础I E，这种使人不安的偏离现象，可能会毁掉原来我们所知的IE特征.
郑州供暖Thereis a big differ encebetwee n academ ic and indust rialapproa chesto perfor manc e evalua tion.The academ ic commun ity evalua tes its member s by the number of publi c a tion s and rear ch grants. By contra st, indust ry measur es perfor mance in terms o f real contri butio ns to organi z
atio nal goals. This has a detrim ental effect on the learni ng intera ction that facult y and studen ts must sharefor studen ts to gradu a t e with profes siona l loyalt y, techni cal compet enceand capabi lityof integr atin g theore tical concep ts and indust rialpracti ce effect ively.
在表现评价中，理论和工业生产之间有很大的差异。在理论界，价值的评估是通过发表成
果的数量和获得研究经费的数目来实现的。与之相比，工业绩效评估是对组织目标的实际
