Defen Mechanisms
借代修辞手法Defen mechanisms, also called ego-defen mechanisms or mental mechanisms, are put into play by the ego to protect the personality from anxiety associated with the conflicts of internal drives and desires. All of the defen mechanisms except suppression are unconscious. Defen mechanisms are an important part of the adaptive process that allows the individual to continue with the daily tasks of living in the face of internal and external conflicts. However obvious another person’s methods of coping may appear, they are not that obvious to the individual using them. Everyone us defen mechanisms to obtain relief from emotional conflict and anxiety. Healthy individuals may u many of them throughout their lives in times of stress. For example, many people commonly u rationalization to justify ideas, actions, or feelings; reduce guilt; and maintain respect and social approval. But as long as the individual is growing and progressing emotionally an able to solve most problems in a manner congruent with his or her stage of development, then the person is most likely not in danger of maladaptive u of defen mechanisms.
为荷
Problems ari when an individual us the same defen mechanism repeatedly, to the exclusion of reality, probably becau the individual perceives most situations as threatening even though they may not be viewed as such by others. For example, the person who constantly projects his or her own negative feelings, attitude, or beliefs onto another person is demonstrating a rigid, maladaptive u of a defen mechanism. One of the reasons people develop psychiatric problems is becau the ego los its ability to u defen mechanisms in a way that relieves the person’s psychic pain. Put another way, their psychic stress is greater than the ego’s ability to relieve it through healthy u of defen mechanisms.
A major task for nursing, then, is not to remove the client’s defen mechanisms through exposure and confrontation but rather to help the client develop greater ego strength through the development of a strong, therapeutic alliance. As the client develops trust, builds lf-esteem, and learns to accept failure without fear of conquences, he or she may be able to let go of rigid maladaptive defens and begin to u healthy, flexible, adaptive defen mechanisms.
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
Repression（潜抑）
In repression unacceptable feelings or thoughts are automatically pushed into one’s unconsciousness. They may be painful, traumatic conflicts involving such things as xual molestation or rape or the feeling experienced during a life-threatening accident or illness. Repression is an operative force in the u of all defen mechanisms and is necessary for the survival of the organism. It is believed, however, that if important conflicts are not resolved during critical stages of growth and development, represd material can result in disordered or maladaptive behavior later in life.
海参鸡汤Introjection*（内射）微型小说佳作欣赏
Introjection begins in infancy and involves the incorporation of characteristic traits, attitudes, and ideas of significant persons. The early introjects are the most important becau they are influential in the formation of morals, values, and conscience. Introjectio
n has been called an inten form of identification. In the area of psychiatry and mental health, the client has opportunities to introject healthy, desirable qualities from nurs and other health care professionals.
抗议的近义词
Identification（仿同）
Identification involves the desire or wish to emulate or be like another person and to assume the mannerisms, style, or dress of that individual. Most notable during adolescence, when one’s identification with peers is a critical part of healthy growth and development, it promotes acceptance and curity that provide the adolescent with the strong n of lf-esteem necessary for the difficult tasks of adulthood. It actually begins in early childhood (ages 3 to 6) when identification with the parent of the same x is a critical developmental task.
Projection（外射）
In projection an individual projects onto others unwanted or undesirable feelings, thought
s, and attitudes related to lf. He or she may blame others for faults, maladaptive behaviors, and other negative qualities that are unacceptable to the lf. Projection begins in early childhood, when the child realizes that conquences are less threatening if he or she assigns the blame to a sibling for spilling a glass of milk or breaking a valued object, for example.
Projection is noted in people with substance u disorders, who find it easier to blame everyone el for their habit rather than ek help. It is ud to a pathologic degree in clients with paranoid disorders, who project toward others their own unhealthy feelings of mistrust, suspiciousness, and hostility. Paranoid and percutory delusions reflect projectile patterns, in that the client assigns his or her own lack of lf-trust to others in the environment.
Displacement（转移）
伤情的歌
In displacement an individual discharges or displaces feelings and emotions (such as frustration, hostility, or anxiety) onto another person, object, or situation that is less threat
ening than the actual source. Simple, adaptive forms of displacement include slamming a door or kicking the wall after the boss refus a request for a pay increa. Such innocuous acts relea pent-up emotions without fear of negative conquences. An example of a more inten u of displacement is noted, according to psychoanalytic theory, in some forms of phobic behavior. The feared object or event is believed to be a symbol of an early childhood conflict that has been successfully represd, such as xual molestation or abu. The feelings experienced when the person is confronted with the feared object or event are displaced from the early conflict (the actual source), which cannot be recalled.
