考研英语阅读理解---个别句子的意义及上下文逻辑关系
一篇文章各段落之间及各句子之间都存在着一定的逻辑关系，正确理解这种逻辑关系有助于考生做出快速而准确的选择，提高做题的正确率。这种类型的考题主要是考查考生对文章逻辑结构的理解，要求考生综合运用各方面的知识——如：语法、词汇、语感、逻辑结构等——进行分析判断。只理解个别句子的含义是远远不够的，还必须把上、下文的意思联系起来，弄清前后句之间、各段落之间的逻辑关系，从语篇的角度上对文章进行整体性的理解、分析、判断。
第一节 命 题 方 式
考查考生正确理解个别句子的意义及上下文逻辑关系的题目可分为两种：一是涉及各句子之间的指代关系；一是涉及文章各段落之间的关系。常见的命题方式主要有：
1.In line…, the word “it” refers to .
2.In line…, the word “it” could best be replaced by .
3.In paragraph…, the word “…” stands for .
4.The word “one” (in line…) could best replaced by which of the following words? .
5.It can be assumed that the paragraph preceding (following) the passage most probably discuss .
6. The paragraph preceding (following) this one is probably about .
从某种意义上说，这类题目是一种逻辑推理题，解题方法也与逻辑推理题有些相似。理解个别句子的意义及上下文之间的逻辑关系是阅读理解过程中的一项重要技能，也是考生应具备的一种阅读理解技能。
第二节 各句子之间的指代关系
在语篇中有时为了避免重复提及某一个词或者短语，常常用指代词表示，如：要求考生指出代词it，they，one等的指代对象等。指代词起连接语篇的作用，它能体现出语篇中各句子之间的逻辑关系。这种类型的问题一般来说难度不是很高，考生只要仔细品味上下文，一般都能看出来某行中的代词是指代前面的哪个名词。但是，需要注意的是，这类问题一般都具有一定的迷惑性。
例1(1995年考题第3篇59题)
……
In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years,their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.
……
The word “it” (line 3, para. 2)most probably refers to .
［A］ the lack of stable communities
［B］ the breakdown of informal information channels
［C］ the incread mobility of families
［D］ the growing number of people moving from place to place
要
正确判断it在文中的所指，关键在于分析该句的结构。本句是个复合句，前半部分“As families move away from their…，their extended family relationships,”是状语从句，主句是后半部分中的“the informal flow of information is cut off”。而后半部分中的“wity it the confidence that information…reliable”又与“the informal flow of information is cut off”紧密相关，因为该句表面看上去不完整，that引导的从句只是“confidence”的同位语，那么句中没有谓语。而实际上，该句暗含了一个完整的句子，即：指代词“it”代替前面所说的“the informal flow of information is cut off.”因此，正确答案选B项。 腿上长痣代表什么
例2(1995年考题第2篇57题)
尊重的英语In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first. How we
e ourlves as we try a new way of being is esntial to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourlves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we're shy and indecisive? Then our n of timidity can cau us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we're slow to adapt to change or that we're not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.
When the author says “a new way of being”(line 3, para. 3), he is referring to
截图的快捷键［A］ a new approach to experiencing the world
［B］ a new way of taking risks
［C］ A new method of perceiving ourlves
［D］ a new system of adapting to change
该题的关键在于对“being”一词的理解。“How we e ourlves as we try a new way of being is esntial to our ability to grow”是该段的主题句，概括性比较强，“being”具体指何事物可以从主题句后的几个例子中加以判断。下文的三个例子都围绕一个中心，即：我们的态度决定着我们的生活方式，那么“being”就是指“生存、存在”。“a new way of being”是说“一种新的体验世界的生存方式”。
第三节 文章各段落之间的关系
一篇文章各段落之间都存在着一定的逻辑联系，而这种逻辑联系通常情况下都体现在段落的开头和结尾。这种类型的题目一般要求考生根据所阅读的短文推测出该文章的前一段或后一段的内容。这类测试题难度较大，需要考生充分理解测试材料、分析语篇特点、仔细寻找解题依据。如果问题要求考生猜测短文之前的内容，考生就必须注意短文的开头部分；如果问题要求考生猜测短文之后的内容，考生就必须注意短文的结尾部分。
值得一提的是，在寻求解题依据时，千万不可忽视对篇章结构的分析。例如：论说文是用理由
卡门罗德曼
、论据来说明作者观点的，如果所选段落仅叙述其中一点，那么该段落的上、下文可能是对另一点的叙述。如果是用比较对比的手法来组织的文章，所选段落仅论述比较，则该文的上、下文可能论述对比。 例1
By about A.D 500 the Mound Builder culture was declined, perhaps becau of attacks from other tribes or perhaps becau of vere climatic changes that undermined agriculture. To the west another culture, bad on intensive agriculture, was beginning to flourish. Its center was beneath prent day St. Louis, and it radiated out to encompass most of the Mississippi watershed, from Wisconsin to Louisiana and from Oklahoma to Tenne. Thousands of villages were included in its orbit.
The paragraph preceding this one most probably discusd .
［A］ the Mound Builder culture 人人献出一点爱
［B］ warfare in A.D 500.
鲜蘑菇的做法大全［C］ the geography of the Mississippi area
［D］ agriculture near the Mississippi River
安全漏斗
大蒜的营养价值本题就是一个典型的例子。文章各段落间的逻辑关系一般情况下都体现在段落的开头或结尾。本题要求考生根据下文已知信息，对上文可能出现的信息加以推测。解答这类题型时，要充分理解所读文章，特别注意文章的开头部分，借助于标题、主题句进行推测。本篇文章一开始便谈到“By about A.D. 500 the Mound Bwilder culture was declined”。接着又告诉读者这种文化衰退的两个可能性的因素。进而又讲述了另一种文化的繁荣。因此，我们可以判断出：第一句是个过渡句，起到承上启下的作用，前一段肯定是关于the Mound Builder Culture，甚至是这种文化的繁荣景象。因此，这一题的正确答案是A项。
