Medicinal chemistry
Medicinal or pharmaceutical chemistry is a discipline at the interction of chemistry and pharmacology involved with designing, synthesizing and developing pharmaceutical drugs. Medicinal chemistry involves the identification, synthesis and development of new chemical entities suitable for therapeutic u. It also includes the study of existing drugs, their biological properties, and their quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR). Pharmaceutical chemistry is focud on quality aspects of medicines and aims to assure fitness for the purpo of medicinal products.
Compounds ud as medicines are overwhelmingly organic compounds including small organic molecules and biopolymers. However, inorganic compounds and metal-containing compounds have been found to be uful as drugs. For example, the cis-platin ries of platinium-containing complexes have found u as anti-cancer agents.
终极细胞战Medicinal chemistry is a highly interdisciplinary science combining organic chemistry with biochemistry, computational chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacognosy, molecular biology, s
tatistics, and physical chemistry.
夫妻约定财产制>发型图Process of drug discovery
Discovery
The first step of drug discovery involves the identification of novel active compounds, often called "hits", which are typically found by screening many compounds (compound library) for the desired biological properties. While a number of approaches toward the identification of hits exist, the most successful of techniques relies on chemical and biological intuition developed through years of rigorous chemical-biological training. Other sources of hits can come from natural sources, such as plants, animals, or fungi. Hits may originate also from random chemical libraries, such as tho created through combinatorial chemistry or historic chemical compound collections that are tested en-mas against the biological target in question
Optimization
Another step in drug discovery involves further chemical modifications in order to improve the biological and physiochemical properties of a given candidate compound library. Chemical modifications can improve the recognition and binding geometries (pharmacophores) of the candidate compounds, their affinities and pharmacokinetics, or indeed their reactivity and stability during their metabolic degradation. A number of methods have contributed to quantitative metabolic prediction, and a recent example is SPORCalc[1].The quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) of the pharmacophore play an important part in finding lead compounds, which exhibit the most potency, most lectivity, best pharmacokinetics and least toxicity. QSAR involves mainly physical chemistry and molecular docking tools (CoMFA and CoMSIA), that leads to tabulated data and first and cond order equations. There are many theories, the most relevant being Hansch's analysis that involves Hammett electronic parameters, steric parameters and logP(lipophilicity) parameters.
Development
The final step involves the rendering the lead compounds suitable for u in clinical trials. This involves the optimization of the synthetic route for bulk production, and the preparation of a suitable drug formulation.
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Training in medicinal chemistry
Many workers in the field do not have formal training in medicinal chemistry. Although veral graduate schools and Colleges of Pharmacy offer formal Ph.D. programs in medicinal chemistry, frequently the broader education in a chemistry graduate program can provide many of the skills needed. A majority of working medicinal chemists have degrees in organic chemistry, rather than medicinal chemistry.[2]
盐类水解Medicinal Chemistry is a multifaceted discipline that encompass synthetic organic chemistry, natural products chemistry, enzymology, chemical biology, structural biology and computational methods, all of which are aimed at the discovery and development of new therapeutic agents. Medicinal chemistry is by nature an interdisciplinary science, and practitioners have a strong background in organic chemistry, coupled with a broad unders
tanding of biological concepts related to cellular drug targets. Scientists in the field are well positioned to work as part of an interdisciplinary team that us chemical structural principles to design effective drugs and diagnostic agents. Graduate (Master's and Ph.D.) level programs in medicinal chemistry can be found in traditional medicinal chemistry departments, or in pharmaceutical sciences departments, both of which are traditionally associated with schools of pharmacy. Some chemistry departments also have programs in medicinal chemistry, but students are often not expod to important biological principles that are necessary for a successful career in drug discovery. Some workers in the field do not have formal training in medicinal chemistry, and receive the necessary biological background after employment. Postdoctoral education of 2–3 years is typical after receiving a Ph.D. in medicinal chemistry. Employment prospects at the Master's level are good in the pharmaceutical industry, and at the Ph.D. level, opportunities for employment in academia, industry or government are available
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Glossary of Terms Ud in Medicinal Chemistry（2）word最后一页空白页怎么删除
(IUPAC Recommendations 1998)
1，IND: Abbreviation for Investigational New Drug.
2，Intrinsic activity: Intrinsic activity is the maximal stimulatory respon induced by a compound in relation to that of a given reference compound.
3，This term has evolved with common usage. It was introduced by Ariëns as a proportionality factor between tissue respon and receptor occupancy. The numerical value of intrinsic activity (alpha) could range from unity (for full agonists, i.e., agonist inducing the tissue maximal respon) to zero (for antagonists), the fractional values within this range denoting partial agonists. Ariëns' original definition equates the molecular nature of alpha to maximal respon only when respon is a linear function of receptor occupancy. This function has been verified. Thus, intrinsic activity, which is a drug and tissue parameter, cannot be ud as a characteristic drug parameter for classification of drugs or drug receptors. For this purpo, a proportionality factor derived by null methods, namely, relative efficacy, should be ud. Finally, "intrinsic activity" shoul
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d not be ud instead of "intrinsic efficacy". A "partial agonist" should be termed "agonist with intermediate intrinsic efficacy" in a given tissue.
