Should Animals be ud for Scientific Rearch?
Why is the issue important now?对不起的句子
During the past 10 years, a major controversy over the u of animals in biomedical and behavioral rearch has arin. At the leading edge of the controversy are groups of" animal rights" activists who purpo is to put an end to all experimentation and testing with animals. Their methods range from the u of publicity, misinformation and the filing of lawsuits, to raiding laboratories and threatening and intimidating scientists.
The traditional animal welfare and humane societies also have been active. Through legislation, regulation, negotiation and intimidation via publicity, they generally have sought to limit and control experiments conducted with animals, to reduce the number of animals being ud, or to exempt certain animals from u in biomedical rearch. Reprentatives of the animals cau groups appeal to the emotions and rai ethical and moral questions. They question man's right to u animals in a number of contexts, including biomedical rearch; contest the value of animal rearch and the need to conduct certain types of experiments; challenge and generate concern over the amount of pain and suffering endured by animals during experiments; and promote the u of alternative methods of experimentation in place of the u of animals.
The activities of the organizations have grown in scope and intensity during the past 10 years and have had a number of important conquences. They have created confusion and doubt in the minds of some regarding the need for animal experiments, prompted the passage of federal and state laws regulating or restricting the u of animals in rearch, and led to the destruction or termination of many experiments.
Source: U of Animals in Biomedical Rearch, American Medical Association White Paper, 1988.
No issue in the animal rights agenda is as bitterly contested as the question of scientific experiments on animals. With the following information, the public will have a better understanding of the issue," Should animals be ud for scientific rearch?"
What is the nature of the issue?
The u of animals in scientific rearch has been a controversial issue for well over a hundred years. The basic problem can be stated quite simply: Rearch with animals has saved lives, lesned human suffering, and advanced scientific understanding, yet that same rearch can cau pain and distress for the animals involved and usually results in their death. It is hardly surprising that animal experimentation rais complex questions and generates strong emotions.
Animal experimentation is an esntial component of biomedical and behavioral rearch, a critical part of efforts to prevent, cure, and treat a vast range of ailments. As in the past, investigators are using animals to learn about the most widespread dias of the age, including heart dia and cancer, as well as to gain basic knowledge in genetics, physiology, and other life sciences. Animals are also needed to combat new dias, of
三国演义曹操which acquired deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is currently the most prominent example. At the same time, behavioral rearchers are drawing on animal studies to learn more about such major caus of human suffering as mental illness, drug addiction, and nility.
The recognition that animals are esntial in scientific rearch is critical in making decisions about their u, but the decisions are also made in the broad context of social and ethical values.
Source: U of Laboratory Animals in Biomedical and Behavioral Rearch, Commission on Life Sciences National Rearch Council, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1988.
圆圆和方方Animal rights and animal welfare, including farm animal rights and welfare, are issues that elicit polarized and often emotionally charged discussion. Every year, millions of animals are ud in laboratories for scientific rearch that may benefit humans as well as other animals. The purpo of
some of this rearch is to discover new drugs and learn about dias. Other tests are performed to find if products are safe to u. Many of the experiments take away the animal's freedom to move about or eat as they wish. The tests may cau pain and sometimes even death to the animal.全等三角形教案
*According to Jeanne Williams, "No issue in the animal rights is as bitterly contested as the question of scientific experiments on animals, for this is where the values of humans are most in conflict. In order to save ourlves from suffering, we must gain scientific knowledge, but in order to gain this knowledge, we must cau animals to suffer. The pain and isolation endured by laboratory animals — an estimated 20 million each year in the United States alone — enrages animal advocates, whether it is caud for frivolous reasons (testing a new mascara) or for rious ones (eking a cure for juvenile diabetes). Scientists who believe that they are acting out of compassion for humanity, are upt by their portrayal as torturers with no motive other than profit" (p. 49).
*Source: Animal Rights and Welfare, Edited by Jeanne Williams, The Reference Shelf Volume 63, Number 4, The H.W. Wilson Company, New York, 1991.
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Animal Rights advocates believe that animals should not be exploited by humans, and that animals
have the same rights as humans. They oppo any u of animals for the benefit of humans, including eating meat, maintaining pets and medical rearch. The groups often support or carry out illegal break-ins and vandalism.
Anti-vivictionists specifically oppo the u of animals in medical rearch, declaring it "bad science". They believe rearch conducted for the benefit of humans should be carried out on humans or by using alternatives, rather than animals.
Animal Welfare proponents do not oppo all u of animals in rearch. They oppo inhumane and unnecessary u of animals and fight to eliminate pain and suffering of animals. The more moderate groups support the" Three R's" - replacement of animals through the u of alternatives; reduction in the number of animals ud; and refinement of practices to reduce pain and distress for laboratory animals. The groups, including the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA) and the American Humane Society, often have shelter programs for animals, and offer education programs on issues
such as pet treatment and care. However, there is an increasing trend for traditional animal welfare organizations to support the more radical goals of animal rights groups. PETA (People for the Ethica
l Treatment of Animals), the largest animal rights group in the country, takes a more radical approach to animal rearch. The organization was founded by Ingrid Newkirk and Alex Pacheco in 1980. According to Carol L. Burnett, a PETA spokesperson," Our basic philosophy is that animals are not ours to eat, wear or experiment on. We focus on issues that cau the most suffering and can help the most animals. In addition to opposing animal rearch philosophically, we also believe that animal rearch is bad science. The results of experiments on one species are not necessarily the same on another species."
Source: Portraits of a partnership for life: the remarkable story of rearch, animals & man, Foundation for Biomedical Rearch.
The ability of biomedical scientists to enhance the well-being of humans and animals depends directly on advancements made possible by rearch, much of which requires the u of experimental animals. The scientific community has long recognized both a scientific and an ethical responsibility for the humane care of animals, and all who care
for or u animals in rearch, testing, and education must assume responsibility for their general welfare.
Source: Guide for the Care and U of Laboratory Animals, National Institutes of Health, 1985.
Who is involved in the issue?
It is estimated that there are over 400 animal advocate groups in the United States with membership over two million. The groups vary in their positions from the responsible attempts of The Humane Society of the United States to assure the humane treatment of animals to tho who advocate that all rearch and testing be legally banned. The most militant of the latter groups have broken laboratories, destroyed property and confiscated animals in an attempt to impede, if not halt, rearch (p. 23).
Source: Can Animal u Be Ethically Justified? by J. Wesley Robb in Science and Animals: Addressing Contemporary Issues, Scientists Center for Animal Welfare, 4805
St Elmo Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20814, (301) 654-6390.
Most animal rights groups have indiscriminately targeted the medical rearch, cosmetic, fur and farming industries. But the lengths to which they are prepared to go vary. A common misconception is that the groups share the same philosophy, have a common mission, and pursue similar activities. 活动策划网站
There are, in fact, three categories in the movement. According to Dr. Jack Albright, professor of Animal Science, Purdue University, Animal Welfare is more mainstream and reflects people's concern for the humane treatment of animals. Animal welfare appears to have growing support from society at large. When considering animal rights, the animals cannot be exploited. Animals esntially have basic rights — many say the same as people — to be free from confinement, pain, suffering, experiments, perhaps even death. This means that animals would not be ud笑破你肚子的笑话30个
for food, for clothing, for entertainment, for products testing, for eing-eye dogs, etc. Currently, animal rights is esntially anti-vivectionist (i.e., disction or other painful treatment of living animals for purpos of scientific rearch), pro-activist, and urban-bad. The animal rights faction believes that humans have evolved to a point where they can live without any animal products — meat, milk, eggs, leather, wool, fur, by-products, etc. They feel that neither medical rearchers, nor the cosmetics industry has the right to experiment on animals; that zoos, circus, rodeos, race tracks, horback riding, and even pet owners exploit the animal kingdom.
Source: Animal Rights — Animal Welfare, How the Goals of The Groups Will Effect you as Livestock Producer, by Dr. Jack Albright, Purdue University, 1990.
What is the historical background of the issue?
The first widespread opposition to the u of animals in rearch was expresd in the nineteenth century. Even before this, however, concern had rin about the treatment of farm animals. The first piece of legislation to forbid cruelty to animals was adopted by the General Court of Massachutts in 1641 and stated that "No man shall exerci any tyranny or cruelty towards any brute creatures which are usually kept for man's u" (Stone, 1977). In England, Martin's Act was enacted in 1822 to provide protection for farm animals. In 1824, the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA) was founded to ensure that this act was obrved. In 1865, Henry Bergh brought the SPCA idea to America (Turner, 1980). He was motivated not by the u of animals in rearch but by the ill-treatment of hors that he obrved in czarist Russia.
In the cond half of the nineteenth century, concerns for the welfare of farm animals expanded to include animals ud in scientific rearch. The antivivictionist movement in England, which sought to abolish the u of animals in rearch, became engaged in large-scale public agitation in 1870, coincident with the development of experimental physiology and the rapid growth of biomedical rearch. In 1876, a royal commission appointed to investigate viviction issued a report that led to enactment of the Cruelty to Animals Act. The act did not abolish all animal experimentation, as desired by the antiviviction movement. Rather, it required experimenters to be licend by the government for experiments that were expected to cau pain to vertebrates.
As animal experimentation incread in the United States in the cond half of the nineteenth century, animal sympathizers in this country also became alarmed. The first American antivivictionist society was founded in Philadelphia in 1883, followed by the formation of similar societies in New York in 1892 and Boston in 1895. Like their predecessors in England, the groups sought to abolish the u of animals in biomedical rearch, but they were far less prominent or influential than the major animal-protection societies, such as the American SPCA, the Massachutts SPCA, and the American Human Association (Turner, 1980).
Unsuccessful in its efforts toward the end of the nineteenth century to abolish the u of laboratory animals (Cohen and Loew, 1984), the antivivictionist movement declined in the early twentieth century. However, the animal welfare movement remained active, and in the 1950s and 1960s its increasing strength led to federal regulation of animal experimentation. The Animal Welfare Act was pasd in 1966 and amended in 1970,
1976, and 1985. Similar laws have been enacted in other countries to regulate the treatment of laboratory animals (Hampson, 1985).
Source: U of Laboratory Animals in Biomedical and Behavioral Rearch, Commission on Life Sciences National Rearch Council, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 1988.
According to Dr. C. Everett Koop, former U.S. Surgeon General, "Biomedical rearch has made significant strides throughout history in combating dia and improving the quality of life for the human race. Rearch with animals has made historical advances possible, from curing tuberculosis to the discovery of insulin for diabetics. Rearch using animal models has led to better treatments for heart dia and has enabled patients to survive organ transplants for a cond chance at life.
"Virtually every major medical advance for both humans and animals has been achieved through biomedical rearch by using animal models to study and find a cure for a dia and through animal testing to prove the safety and efficacy of a new treatment."
"While animal rearch has aided us greatly in our battle for better living, our greatest challenges lie before us. Continuing medical rearch is desperately needed to combat dias such as cancer, AIDS, Alzheimer's and cystic fibrosis. Without the u of animals in this rearch, continued medical milestones will be stifled."
"The biomedical rearch community has been harasd in recent years by animal rights groups trying to suppress necessary rearch by eliminating the u of animals in rearch. Rearch projects by brilliant scientists have been stopped, and facilities at leading institutions have been vandalized by proponents of animal rights."
"There have also been many distortions prented to the public on the u of animals in rearch, including the premi that the same rearch could be done without animals. That simply is not true."
Source: Portraits of a partnership for life: the remarkable story of rearch, animals & man, Foundation for Biomedical Rearch.
男西装How can the issue be identified?
C. Everett Koop, M.
D., Sc.D., former U.S. Surgeon General, indicated, "Virtually every major medical advance for both humans and animals has been achieved through biomedical rearch by using animal models to study and find a cure for dia, and through animal testing to prove the safety and efficacy of a new treatment. While animal rearch has aided us greatly in our battle for better living, our greatest challenges lie before us. Continuing medical rearch is desperately needed to combat dia such as cancer, AIDS, Alzheimer's and cystic fibrosis. Without the u of animals in this rearch, continued medical milestones will be stifled."
Medical advances using animal rearch have been dramatic over the last century. Improved treatments for the three major killers — heart dia, cancer and diabetes —have been made possible through animal rearch. Jonas Salk's polio vaccine, developed
