第一章 美式英语发音规则概要
As a result of reduction made to stresd syllables, most vowels in the syllables are pronounced as the schwa, //, as in, condition or available. This vowel is reprented by a symbol that looks like an upside-down e. This is a symbol of the International Phonetic Alphabet （IPA）. The schwa is the shortest and most simple sound in English speech, and it is the most frequently ud sound. Other vowels ud often in unstresd syllables are the vowel //, as in citizen, and // an in other.
（由于在重音发音过程中一些音节的发音被减弱， 许多元音在发音时变成了中元音，如c介绍自己的学校ondition和available两个单词中的//音。//音是国际音标（IPA）中的一个，很像倒过来写的字母e。中元音是英语中最短最简单的一个音，但也是最常见的一个音。另外，还有一些非重读音节中的元音，如citizen中的//音，及其他词中的//音。）
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At the Word Level （词的发音）
Within a word, pitch ris to its highest level on the syllable with primary stress. From there it falls, or ris more. This inflection in pitch is made as a step, or as a glide. Following are examples：
（在单词中，音调升至重音音节的位置，然后开始下降，或者继续升高。这种音调的变化分为阶音型和滑音型，如下例：）
● STEP INFLECTION-P暑假是几月份itch steps from the stresd syllable onto an unstresd syllable. Listen to example spoken with a falling inflection.
（阶音型变化—音调由重音转为非重音。如以下列举的单词均以降调发音。）
simple amazing accurate impossible
Now listen to the same words spoken with rising inflection.（再看看如何以升调来读以上几个单词。）
simple amazing accurate impossible
GLIDING INFLECTION-Pitch gliders on the syllable with primary stress when the word consists of one syllable, or when that syllable ends a word. Listen to examples with falling inflection：
（滑音型变化—当单词仅由一个音节构成时，或单词词尾为重音时，单词发音为滑音型音调变化。如下列各词以降调发音为：）
now agreed guaranteed
Now listen to the same words with a rising inflection.（再看看如何以升调读以上同样的音调。）
now agreed guaranteed
Repeat the following words using a falling inflection：（试用降调跟读下列各词：）
money correct expensive animal
never enough forever customer
open today tomorrow manager
application responsibility qualification
obligation
demonstration
春季养生
Repeat the following using a rising inflection：（试用升调跟读下列各词：）
never today forever
obligation responsibility qualification
虚 词
例词
冠词 a, an, the, any, some
动词（助动词） is, are, am, do, does, did
连词 and, but, if, or
情态动词 can, will, could, should, would
介词 in, on, of, into, about, with
漂亮mm
实 词
例词
名词 person place thing
动词 go run think
形容词 good bad alright
副词 very almost quite
BEYOND THE WORD LEVEL （短语和句子的发音）
In phras or in ntences, only certain words are normally given stress. The are the words classified as content words, becau they contain most of the information in a message.
蓄冰空调（在短语或句子当中，通常只有部分词语为重读。这些词多为实词，因为它们包含了所传信息的内容。）
Content words are nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs-words that are normally not stresd are classified as function words.
（实词淮水东边旧时月为名词、动词、形容词和副词。那些非重读的词被归为虚词。）
Function words rve more to provide the grammar structure that connects content words into phras and ntences. Function words include articles, conjunctions, pronouns, and prepositions.
（虚词的作用是按照语法结构规则将各个实词组成短语或句子。虚词包括冠词、连词、代词和介词。）
Listen to the following ntence：（听以下例句：）
（实词） （虚词）
The TIME is NOW. TIME NOW the, is
As you can e, content words can carry the meaning in a message. Listen to another ex
ample：
决议的格式及范文（由此可见，实词往往包含一定的信息内容。再听另一例：）
（实词） （虚词）
WHERE are ALL the PEOple? WERE ALL PEOPLE are, the
Are function words ud in your native language? If they are not, you may have difficulty applying them in your English speech. You may also have difficulty hearing some function words as they are spoken in English, becau they are normally reduced, and are thereby spoken quickly.
塑明（在你的母语中存在虚词吗？如果没有的话，那你在英语中运用虚词也许会有一点困难。另外，在听的过程中，由于这些虚词往往被弱读，且读得快，所以很难被听出来。）
THE PURPOSE OF FALLING AND RISING INFLECTION （降调和升调的作用）
Final inflection, which is the pitch change at the end of an utterance, has underlying mea
ning. Generally, in connected speech a fall in pitch indicates that the speaker has finished a thought, while a ri in pitch indicates that the speaker intends to continue on the thought. Listen to examples：
（句尾语音变化，即一句话结束时的音调变化，包含着一定的意义。一般来说，如果句尾为降调时，意味着说话者已表达完了一个思想内容。如果句尾读出升调，那就意味着说话者还将就此内容发表观点，让我们看看以下例句：）
