第12卷第2期2021年6月
黑龙江大学工程学报 Journal of Engineering of Heilongjiang University
Vol. 12, N%.2+n. , 2021
DOI ： 10. 13524/j. 2095-008x. 2021.02. 016
俄罗斯萨哈(雅库特)共和国中部热喀斯特湖成因及
发育规律
张晓红1,2a ,2b , Anatoly N. Nikolaev 1，*
* , Alexey I. Kolmogorov 1，戴长雷2a ,2b ,2c , *收稿日期：2021-04-13 %修订日期：2021-04-19
基金项目：2019年中国科协“一带一路”国际科技组织平台建设项目(尺乂珂-2019-04)
作者简介：张晓红(1991-)，女，博士研究生，研究方向：冻土区生态水文研究。E-maa ： z. xiaohong@ s-vfe. ru
*通讯作者：Anatoiy N. Nikolaea (1968 -)，男，教授，博士，博士研究生导师，研究方向：冻土区生态水文环境研究。已-血！： rector@
s-vfe. ru %戴长雷(1978-)，男，教授，博士，硕士研究生导师，研究方向：寒区地下水及国际河流。E-maii : daichangeiT 126. cm
引文格式：张晓红，Nikomce , AlexeL Kolmovorve ，等.俄罗斯萨哈(雅库特)共和国中部热喀斯特湖成因及发育规律[J ].黑
龙江大学工程学报，2021, 12(2)： 1-6.
日本作家
(1.东北联邦大学自然科学学院，俄罗斯雅库茨克677000； 2.黑龙江大学a.寒区地下水研究所；b.中俄寒区水文和
水利工程联合实验室；c.水利电力学院，哈尔滨150080)
摘要：在全球不断变暖的大环境下，中国冻土区受气候影响而产生的各类结构性变化已经对 人类生活产生相应的负面影响，而位于俄罗斯西伯利亚地区的萨哈(雅库特)共和国面临同样的
问题，热喀斯特湖的发育对研究区内的领土开发、农耕地开垦、畜牧业等均已产生破坏性影响。
借鉴俄罗斯对冻土的丰富研究，为我国相关研究提供思路。通过梳理相关资料，总结出雅库特 地区具有强大陆性气候，冬季寒冷漫长，年际温差大等气候特征。该地冻土区主要由于年气温 上升，活跃层厚度增加，导致土壤下陷，最终形成热喀斯特湖地貌(又称阿拉斯)。该地区有发
育缓慢，无序分布，受地质结构影响较大以及分布地区广等发育特点。
关键词：热喀斯特湖；阿拉斯；成因；发育规律；萨哈(雅库特)共和国中图分类号：P642. 25 文献标志码：A
文章编号：2095-008X (2021)02-0001-06
Genesis and development law of Thermokarst Lakes in the central of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) of Russia
ZHANG Xiao-Hong 1,2a ,2b , Anatoly N. Nikolaev 1, * , Alexey I. Kolmogorov 1 , DAI Chang-Lei 2a ,2b ,2c , *
(1. Institute of Natural Science ( North-Easter# Federal University , Yakutsk 677000 Russia % 2. Heilongjiang University a. Institute of Groundwater te Cold Regiof % b. China and Ruslan Coll Region Hydrology and Water Conrvancy Engir^ering Jofit Laboratoro % c. School of Hydraul
ic and Electro Poger, Harbio 150080, China )Abstracl : WitO the global warning, the various structural changes in chine frozen soil arevs dux to climaOv change have caud neeativa influence on human life. The Republic of Sakha ( Yakutia) in Sibeaan of Russia faces the same problem , the development of Theanokarsi Lakes has exe —ed destaictiva infuencc on teirito — development reclamation of aaacultural land and animal husband — etc. in the study aree. By referencc t —ch reerch of frozen soii aree in Russia, thoughts were provided to relevant reerches in China. Through combing relevant materials , it was summarized that tUx climate i Yakutia has strong continental climatx, long cold wintee and significent interannuaO temperature diffm etc. genesis. ThermokarsS Lakes landform ( Alas) is mainOy due
・2・黑龙江大学工程学报第12卷
to soil subsidence as a result of incread thickness of permafrost active layer caud by temperature ri in frozen soil areas.In Yakuhv,the characteasticc of Theanokarst Lakes are of slow developmeni,chaotic distribution, vulnerability to the influence of geologic strncture and wide distribution etc.
Key words:Thermokarst Lakes;Alas;genesis;development law;the Republic of Sakha(Yakuho)
Biosphere evolution and dynamic climate changes have resulted in wiOespread perpetudy permafrost on the h1U whost total area is more tUan35X107km2. In the northern hemisphere,perpetudy permafrost is about2.1X10*km2,accounting for about22%of the land ard of the northern hemisphere^1*.In Russio, perpetudy permafrost accounts for65%of the turitory.It is wiOely distributed O Eastern Siberio and the Transbaikal reeion^2*.Sincc perpetudy permafrost is formed due to long-term cold climate conditions,the tmp4eatue4or p4ep4tua y p4emareott yay4e ayto gradudy ris with ccnstant globaO warming,as a resuOt of which the temperature ri wiO ldd to continuous deterioration of perpetudy permafrost.The dected perpetudy permafrost is characterized by high temperature of premafrost active layee,increed thickness of active layee,thinning of permafrost thickness,and reduction of overall aree)3*.
Currently,the temperature in north Russio has rising by 1.5〜2.0°C,in neerly80a,which wil l result in reduction of the aree of perpetutly permafrost.ItU estimated that the boundaro of perpetut l y permafrost in the south wil l shrink northward by ovee150〜200km2in the middle of21st century.Global climate change is al obrved within Yakuho.In recent100a,the monthly average temperature is Osing steadily.Furthermore,the overall rainfall al incresd insignificonUy⑷.
In thecoueteoroeeea&eeo&utson orpeemareott, thedynamscchangetorthawsngdepth ortosygeadua
y yead tothedeeeyopmentorTheemokaettLaket(whsch are referred to as&A"c”(pronounced&Alas')in the Republic of Sakha(Yakutio)).On the plains in ccumpoyae noeth eegson,Theemaykaett Laket (hereinaftee referred to as&Alas')is wiOely developed,accounting foe about20%〜30%)5t*.In Western SibSo,Alas phenomenon is ud as an indicatoe of climate warming.According to existing ttudyand data,theAyatphenomenon cauted bythe thawsng or peemareott sn the Repubysc or Sakha (Yakutio)wil l be more common with continuous climate warming^7*.
Ayatstchangsng notonyy th4t opogeaphy and
yandroem but ayto th4und4egeound and tuerac4 hydeoyogscaycondstsontsn p4ep4tua y p4emareott.Thst yadttoconttantchang4tor4coyogscay4neonm4ntor p4ep4tua y reoe4n tosy aeat,thut a r ctsng th4 construction and operation of projects in frozen soil ares8-10*.In recent yesrs,the emeraenco of Alas,the paetscuyaestyo0thedeeeyopment,the po t sbsysty o0 ute,and the ds r scuytt cauted to te e stoesay deeeyopmenthaeegeadua y becomeahottpotsn the ttudyorpeepetua y peemareott.
1Alts in ths Republic of Sakhs (Yakutio)
父亲与女儿小说
The Republic of Sakha(Yakutio)(hereinaftee referred to as&Yakutio')is the laraest administrative agio
n of the Russian Federation with a total ares of 3.1X105km2.The Yakutio is located in the northesst of SiOro,natural l y bordeang Laptee Ses and the East Sibeaan Ses in the north11*,as shown in Fio.1.The total length of coastline is more than4500km.Ovee 40%of the Ufitore of Yakutio is outside the Arctic C oec ye.W oth on the adm on ott eat oee eegoon,mountaont and platesus accounted for the maority of tOTitore,of which lower-lying aress account foe about30%.Most aress of Yakutio are covered by permafrost foe some hundred of yesrs,with only some scattered permafrost in the most southwestern aress)12*.The permafrost is as thick as300〜400m on average.In the mountainous ares of East Yakutio,there are485glaciere with a total ares of413km2.The particulae natural conditions and geoaI■aphical locetion bangs diversified natural conditions and resources to Yakutio.
1.1Climate characteristics and permafrost in
Yakutia
Yakutio has continental climate,with mill climate and relatively low annual rainH^13*.The wintee is cold and the average temperature in Januare is about -40C,or even below-60C in extreme wethee The wintee lasts from Noember to next yesr March but spang and autumn ae shot and summer is quite hot. The fluctuation of annual temperature con reach80C, making the ares one of the places with the highest
第2期张晓红，等•俄罗斯萨哈（雅库特）共和国中部热喀斯特湖成因及发育规律•3•
Fig.1Location map of the Republic of Sakha(Yakutia) annuol temperature diffeTeiicc on earth.Furthermore, the fuctuation of annuot temperatue in“cold pole”revions of Oymyakon and Verkhoyansk is more than 100e.
Th4e asp4ep4tua e yp4emaeeostb4n4ath th4aea. The summee heot thaws onty1〜2m of uppee soii.The maximum thawing depth occuts from late summee to Septembee.Basicelly,X1organisms are concena•ated on the thawed soii layer,or namely,the activa soii layer.Even if the surfacc temperature is high,the temperatuc of perpetuny permafrost w CI not exceed 0e.The perpetuny permafrost near the Yakutsk, the cepitat of the Republic of Sakha(Yakutia)is as thick a910〜15m with a9tabaetempeeatueeoebeaow -5e%the perpetualy permafrost in the central of the Republic is as deep as500m；in the north,the thicknes s cm be1000m or more,with a temperature that is much lower than-50°C.
Howewc,due to the vaCety of topooraphy in Yakutia,the characteristics of permalost arc X s。dCferent.The inter-alas train type with icc-rich deposits(with volumetric icc content of0.4〜0.6and up to0.8)is widely encountered in the continuous of permafrost zone.The tundra avecge gcund temperat
ures arc from-10to-12°C in the arctic tundra,from-8to-10°C in a typical,and from 一7to-8e in shrub tundra.The actiw layer thickness is0.2〜0.4,0.3〜0.5,and0.4〜0.6, respectively.Northern woodlands gcund temperatures vaiy from-6to一7°C in pre-tundra to from-4to -6e in typidl larch sparss woodlands.The active layer thicknrs varies from0.5〜0.7to0.6〜0.8m, respectively.Middle taiva gcund temperatures 7.06X0sivnificontly—［昭：昭from-2to-4°C in aaech and fem-1t-3e in pine-aaech feests, with active layer thicknrs of1-1.3m and1.4〜1.8 m,respectively.In frayments of the inter-alas type of te e ain in mountain tundea,the tempeeatuee ofthe geound ifeom-8to-11e,actieeaaeeethickne9 m0.5〜0.8m,and in mountain spar woodland, the9eeaaue9aeefeom-4to-8e and0.7〜1.2m, respectively14*.
1.2Genesis of Alas in central of Yakuha
Alas is a06010-10x1proces s and phenomenon due to thawing of undeegeound ice,chaeacteeieed be subsidence and ttlement oZ the terrain)15*.There are changing factoes in th4foemation and development oZ Alas,namely,heat balance and water balance16*.The influencing factors oZ formation and deeeaopmentaeemainaenatueaaactoesand man-made actoes,asdetaiaed in Tabae1.Theeeaeeanumbeeo0 dieeesiied Aaas,making itthe main phesicaaand geoaogicaapeoce s o0eoeen eock oemationsin mane areas oZ Yakutia.On the other hand,due to smal t wateeaeea%ft
hawed peemafe%st,thetheemaasteage capacite%fAaasdepee s in ishigh becau%faw refectivity17-8*.Therefore,solar radiation wilt accelerate the temprature ri in water tea and peemafeostbeneath it,and aasoacceaeeatethefoemation ofTheemokaestaakes.Thetheemaaconeection ofaake wateewi a cauthecontinuousthawingofpeemafeost beneath it and eventul l y form a thawing met19*.
ManeRu s ian scientistshaee been engaged in rearch oZ Alas in dCferent periods20*.The causa oZ formation oZ Alas con be explained as follows:Alas is foemed when peeenniaagaaciaa9oiathaw9foeceetain reasons21*.Since the thickness oZ permafrost in central Yakutia varies from100to450m)22*,Alas occuesin /ee/s with peeennia feeeeing/nd uneeen soia ttlement23*.Scnilar landforms oZ Alas also spread widely in North America.Alas in central Yakutia is a denamicstem caoaeeeaated tocaimatechange.The centeeofAaasisusua a ecoeeeed beaakes,su e ounded besteipsofswamps,meadows,gea s aand eegetation and coccsponding soils〔24-25*.AccoCing to the thickne s%fundeege%und ice,deeeapmentdepth%f Aaasis2〜30
m.Aaasacc%untsfeac%nsideeabaeaeea
• 4 -黑龙江大学工程学报第12卷
in centrcl Yakutio ^26*. F ot example , it accounts foe 20% 〜30% in ths Lenc-Amec basin 〔27*.
1. 3. 2 Stags 2 : Formation of lakes
Asacaod oemotcaod Aaasdepee s oon , the developmenl of Ales is almosl completely dependenl on theundeegeound oce aa;e e. The matu ee stage comes when the icc layer is completely thawed. Thel is , in the abnce of rund , the thawed icc which runs through subsided depcssions will form lakes in coniferous forests in Yakutio. This is the stags 2 of formation of Ales , es shown in Fio, 3. In winUr , however , the asonl l y thawed soil layer docs nol
Influencing factors
Reduced thermcl resistance
Incread difference betueen . ..
Incread hecl .
... Changed drainage conditions
of soil surface
rainfall and evaporation capacity
Table 1 Changing factors and in/uencing elements during formation of Alas
Changing factors
Change of water balance
智能拼音Climate warming %
Change of vegetation coverage %Incread rainfall %
Natual factors Stronger continental
Mineralization of oryanic layer of soil %
Reduced evaporation %Diastrophism
climate
Reduced thickness of surface layer Incread snow coverage
Mineralization of oryanic layer of soil %
Mand-made factors Artificial heat source Damage of soil cover Artificial watering Surface runot water storage
Removable of par- of soil-soil layer
1.3 Development stages of Alas in centra)
Yakutia
1. 3. 1 Stags 1 : Sstlemenl occurs
When 01x 030 turns warmss , ths perpetully permafrost starts to thaw from top. With incread asonable thawing , an inclination is formed el pieces where permafrost contains y laree amount of icc. Ths stays 1 of ths formation of Ales-ths ttlemenl of soil is showed in Fio. 2. Then , water beeins to eccumulatc in ths depression. Ths dead tress still exists in ths originel frozen soil layer , bul will disappeer with ths increa of depth of ttlemenl. Ths depression will expand with temperature C s V 28*.
Fig. 2 Stage 1 of development of Alas
integrate with perpetully permafrost. With pssayc of 01110 and constant climate changes , the expansion of depression boundary slows down. A par- of water in the later-formed lakes evaporates into the air in atmospheric circulation , with another par- absorbed by the thawed soil beneath the lake. At this sOtgc, depression graduSly forms a basin and a laryc amount of vegetation began to grow along the edgV 28 *.1. 3. 3 Stags 3 : Vegetation covaragc
Duo to the dominant continental 0:11110, the evaporation is greater than precipitation in Yakutio , resulting in gradual thawing and stagnated development of icc layer beneath Alas. With constanUy incread dmerencc betueen rainfall and evaporation , lakes gradully dry up. At this time , Alas deteriorates into perpetutly frozen soil area again and is rc-covered by vegetation 〔28 * , as shown in Fio. 4.王子佳
1. 4 Development law of Alas in ceetrai Yakutia
In central Yakutio , Alas mainly forms in a zone where there is icc-cnd-snow complea on land surface , while icc-cnd-snow complex is the geomorphic foundation of the central Yakutio. This landform mostly develops in periods of humid 01x 031:0 with abundant rainfal l 29 *. Under cur re nt conditions , duo to the increasingly arid climate in central Yakutio , the development of Alas has slowed down significonUy ^30*.
The number of alascs in Central Yakutio reaches 16 000 woth /n /ee/o f 4 400 km 1 2. The depth of ondoeoduaaAaaaeoes eom 2 to30 m.In centeaa Yakutio , Alas is distributed disorderly , with special soil , meadow vegetation , microclimate and fauna. Mo9tdeeeaoped Aaa9o acao9ed e a optocaaoecoecuaae basin , with a slops angle of 45° 〜70° and a slops height of 15 〜60 m vt higher in general.
Fo-etampaetheChu apchaaeaoschaacteoeed by an almost flat surface at about 180 〜200 m above
e
第2期张晓红，等•俄罗斯萨哈（雅库特）共和国中部热喀斯特湖成因及发育规律•5•
Fig.3Stage2of developmenl of Alas
甲状腺结节病因Fig.4Stage3of developmenl of Alas
level with Thermokarst depressions(alas,with a eeatieedepth ofabout7〜8m)peemafeostdepth of12〜14m，which ieatadepth of2.2〜2.3m beowthe sueface.Fie&d measu eements the width ofthe uppee paets of peemafeost eaeies feom 1.5to 3.0m. Subsidence eate ofthis aeea was estimated a
s2.1〜3.9cm•a_1)31*.
In addition，theintensiteofchangeofwateeaeeea change in Aaas is ineeeae peopoetionaa to the ampaitudeoftempeeatueein summee.In deoughteeaes，eeapoeation ofAaasaakesis2〜10timesthatofthe eainfa a.ThesieeofAaasdependson thethickne s of theundeegeound iceaaeeeand eock composition etc.Its aength and width aaso eaee with disteibution ofthe undeegeound peemafeostaaeeewhich maeaetend foe veral kilometers.In Yakutia,most Alas is dCtributed in Myuryu,Tyungyulyu,Mayy,Syrdakh, Chuea,Cheaaand otheepaace9.
2Conclusions
The perpetuity permafrost area in Yakutia is /f ected by the caim/te.With constntay incee/d thickne s ofthe/ctieeayeeofpeem/feost,thesoia continues to sink.Afer two development stayes,the Alas(lake)is ycduX l y formed.Furthermore,varied thickne9ofpeemafeo9taayeeaaoconteibute9towide chaotic dCtribution oZ Alas in Yakutia.The size oZ the aandfoem isgeeatayinfauenced bygeoaogicaasteuctuee.
The Yakutia is located on the worldf laryest peemafeo9taeea,with dominantcontinentaacaimate. SincethedeeeaopmentofAaa9i becomingmatuee, 9teengthened ee9eaech on theAaa9in thi eegion i
not only helpful to scientific and theoretical study ot Chine aeid eegions which aee aaso aocated in peepetua a ypeemafeostaeeawith significantcontinentaa caimate,but aaso peoeides eefeeences foe the deeeaopmentand utiaieation ofsuch aandfoem in China.
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