英汉语言差异三
Hypotactic vs paratactic
（形合与意合）
“就汉语和英语而言，也许在语言上最重要的一个区别就是形合与意合的对比（contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis）。”
－－－奈达
Translating Meaning
Hypotactic----the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of claus with connectives, for example, “Is she unhappy if you don’t come” （复句中成分之间的关系用一种公式，即连接词来连接）
《英语语言学词汇》对形合（hypotaxis）的释义为：“复句中同等句或从属句之间需要一种方式表达它们之间的句法关系。”这里所谓“一种方式”是指使用功能词（function word）加以“明示”的句法方式，如and, but, if, when等和某些特定的短语。这些功能词语表示不同的功能或意念，如因果、比较、转折、让步、条件等。
The American Heritage Dictionary中对形合定义为：“The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of claus with connectives, for example, I shall despair if you don’t come.”
Paratactic----The arraging of claus one after another without connectives showing the logical relation between them. (分句与分句之间不用连接词来表示相互之间的逻辑关系).
《词汇》一书对意合（parataxis）的释义为：“分句中间不用连词”，即指句与句之间的种种逻辑关系“隐含”于上下文之中。The
World Book Dictionary中对意合定义为：“The arranging of claus one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them.
Example: The rain fell; the river flooded; the hou washed away.”
English tends to be hypotactic while Chine tends to be paratactic. We should remember the tendency in the two languages is relative not absolute. The structure of English is compared to a tree with various branches on different levels, while Chine is compared to a bamboo with one part after another.
< It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us: that from the hon
ored dead we take incread devotion to that cau for which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly revolve that the dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth. (Abraham Lincoln, The Gettysburg Address )
We should live each day with gentleness, a vigor, and a keenness or appreciation which are often lost when time stretches before us in the constant panorama of more days and months and years to come.
(Three Days to See)
两种特征形成的效果是，英语结构紧凑严密；而汉语结构简练明快。英语好像一棵参天大树，一串葡萄，一串珍珠；汉语好比一根竹子，一盘珠子，一波江涛。具体说来，在英语中，主干
突出，即主谓机制突出，名词尤其是抽象名词用得多，介词也用得多，英语在表达复杂的思想时，往往开门见山，然后借用英语特有的词汇关系代词，把各个句子有机地结合起来，构成一串串葡萄似的句子。主干可能简单，但上面却借着累累硕果。
英语结构紧凑严密，以谓语动词为中心，各种组成部分很少省略，句际句内之间各要素用形式逻辑关
系词连接，特别强凋句子成分之间的从属、平行、修饰、对比等关系。汉语结构简练明快，以词序或语义为中心，句子不一定要完整，句中各成分的相互结合多依靠语义的贯通，语境的映衬，而少用连接词语。
着名汉语学家王力教授说过：“西洋语法是硬的，没有弹性；中国语法是软的，富有弹性。……
所以中国语法以达意为主。“英国人写文章往往化零为整，而中国人写文章往往化整为零。”
高名凯在《汉语语法论》中指出：汉人平常说话不喜欢用太多没有基本意义的虚词，只是把事情或意思排列起来，让人们去了解这两个事情或两个意思之间所发生的关系如何。如就地取材（先“就地”后“取材”），玩物丧志（“玩物”是因，“丧志”是果），物极必反（“物极”是条件，“必反”是结果）。
句子同样如此：
The isolation of the rural world, becau of distance and the lack of transport facilities, is compounded by the paucity of the information media.
内蒙美食注：原文为典型的英语简单句，共有九个名词，用五个介词连接起来，而动词只有一个。全句只用了一个逗号和一个句号。而在译文中，抽象名词有的译成动词，有的译成形容词。全句用了四个逗号和一个句号。就这样一层层、一点点地把事情交代清楚，整句语气从容不迫，符合汉语叙事方法。
远看山有色，
近听水无声。
春去花还在，
人来鸟不惊。
When you look afar, the mountains are green and clear,
But no sound of stream is heard when listening near.
The flowers remain in full bloom when spring’s away,
A human being’s approach the bird doesn’t fray.
注：原文在表示条件、转折等逻辑关系时，汉语并不使用表达这种关系的词汇，读者一看便能领会。然而，英语却不得不加上When、But之类的词，否则，这种表达将被视为unidiomatic或unEnglish。
1．早知今日，何必当初？
If I had known it would come to this, I would have acted
differently.
2．我们完全有信心，有能力最终接近台湾问题。
We have the determination and ability to solve the issue on Taiwan.
3．天气寒冷，河水都结冰了。
It was so cold that the river froze.
4．江山易改，本性难移。
It is easy to change rivers and mountains but hard to change a person’s nature
It does not do to liv
e in memories, in regrets for the good old days，or in sadness about friends who are dead.(from How to Grow Old--Rusl)
为美好的往昔而遗憾，为逝去的朋友而哀伤，是没有用的。
英语中的形合法
英语造句常用各种形式手段连接词，语，分句或者从句，注重显性接应（overt cohesion），注重句子形式，注重结构完整，注重以形显意。
1 关系词：关系代词，关系副词，连接代词，连接副词
连接词：并列连词，从属连词
2 介词
3 形态变化 ：词缀，性，数，格，时，体，语态，语气，比较级，人称，语法一致，等等.
Exerci:
1)It had been a fine, golden autumn, a lovely farewell to tho who would lo their youth, and some of them their lives, before the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall.
2) This was an intelligently organized and fervent meeting in a packed Town Hall, with Mr. Strong in the chair.
3) The prent onslaught of vehicles pos a rious threat to urban life and pedestrian peace of mind.
1)那是个天气晴朗，金黄可爱的秋天，美好的秋色为那些青年们送别。待到战后和平时期，黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时，当日的青年已经失去了青春，有的丧失了生命。
2）这是一次精心组织起来的会议，市政厅里济济一堂，热情洋溢，主持会议的是斯特朗先生。
3）当前，车辆横冲直撞，严重地威胁着城市的生活，路上行人无不提心吊胆。
Some fishing boats were becalmed just in front of us. Their shadows slept, or almost slept, upon the water, a gentle quivering alone showing that it was not complete sleep, or if sleep, that it was sleep with dreams.
眼前不远，渔舟三五，凝滞不前，墙影斜映在水面上，仿佛睡去，偶尔微见颤动，似又未尝熟睡，恍若惊梦。
他记得破夹袄还在，便披在身上，躺到了，待张开眼睛，原来太阳又已经照在西墙上头了。（《阿Q正传》）
Remembering that he still had a ragged lined jacket, he put it on and lay down, and when he opened his eyes again the sun was already shining on the top of the west wall.
大乌龙茶
有人说：有些胜利者，愿意敌人如虎，如鹰，他才感得胜利的欢喜；假使如羊，如小鸡，他便反觉得胜利的无聊。（《阿Q正传》）
There are said to be some victors who take no pleasure in a victory unless their opponents are as fierce as tigers or eagles; if their adversaries are as timid as sheep or chickens they find their triumph empty.
村外多是水田，满眼是新秧的嫩绿，夹着几个圆形的活动的黑点，便是耕田的农夫。（《阿Q正传》）
Most of the country outside the village are paddy fields, green as far as the eye could e with the tender shoots of young rice, dotted here and there with round, black, moving objects, which were peasants cultivating the fields.
我先是住在监狱旁边
一个客店里的，初冬已经颇冷，蚊子却还多，后来用被盖了全身，用衣服包了头脸，只留两个鼻孔出气。（《藤野先生》）
At first I stayed in an inn next to the gaol, where although the early winter was already quite cold, the
re were still a good many mosquitoes, so I learned to cover mylf completely with the quilt and wrap my clothes round my head, leaving only two nostrils expod through which to breathe.
当兵祝福语其实进来的是一个黑瘦的先生，八字须，戴着眼镜，
挟着一迭大大小小的书。
（《藤野先生》）
There entered a dark, lean instructor with a moustache, who was wearing glass and carrying under his arms a pile of books, large and small.
每当夜间疲倦，正想偷懒时，仰面在灯光中瞥见他黑瘦的面貌，似乎正要说出抑扬顿挫的话来，便使我又良心发现，而且增加了勇气……（《藤野先生》）
苏杭旅游攻略At night if I am tired and want to take it easy, when I look up and e his thin, dark face in the lamplight, as if about to speak in measured tones, my better nature asrted itlf and my courage returns.
他是一个高而瘦的先生，须发都花白了，还戴着大眼镜。（《从百草园到三味书屋》）
A thin , tall old man with a grizzled beard, he wore large spectacles.
他有一条戒尺，但是不常用，
也有罚跪的规则，
但也不常用，
普通总不过瞪几眼，
大声道：-——“读书！”
（《从百草园到三味书屋》）
He had a ferule which he ldom ud, and a method of punishing students by making them kneel which again he ldom ud. In general, he simply glared round for a while and shouted: “Get on with your reading.”
汉语的意合法
汉语造句少用甚至不用形式连接手段，注重隐性连贯（covert coherence），注重逻辑事理顺序，注
重功能，意义，注重以神统形。
1 语序
1）人不犯我，我不犯人。
2）打肿脸充胖子，吃亏是自己。
We will not attack unless we are attacked.
If you get beyond your depth, you will suffer.
2 反复，排比，对偶，对照等。句式整齐匀称，不用连词。
1）他不来，我不去。
2）种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。
3）聪明一世，糊涂一时。
4）不吃苦中苦，哪知甜中甜？
If he won’t come here, I’ll not go there.
As you sow, so you will reap.
Smart as a rule, but this time a fool.
If you have never tasted the bitterness of gall, how can you know the sweetness of honey?
3 紧缩句
1）有饭大家吃。洒满阳光
2）不到黄河心不死。
3）问遍千家成行家。
Let everyone share the food if there is any.
Until all is over, ambition never dies.
Learn from numerous advirs, and you will become a master.
4 四字格
1）不进则退
2）酒醉智昏
3）玩火自焚
1）He who does not advance fall backward./ Move forward, or you will fall behind.
2)When wine is in, wit i
紫薯汁s out.
3)Whoever plays with fire will perish by fire.
一叶知秋。
随遇而安。
明枪易躲，暗箭难防。
今日事，今日毕。
A straw shows which way the wind
Being on a, sail; being on land, ttle.
金牌销售Better an open enemy than a fal friend.
Don't put off till tomorrow what should be done today.
疗伤音乐
