04.GROUPS IIIB—VIIIB ELEMENTS
Group I-B includes the elements scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and actinium1, and the two rare-earth ries of fourteen elements each2 —the lanthanide and actinide ries. The principal source of the elements is the high gravity river and beach sands built up by a water-sorting process during long periods of geologic time. Monazite sand, which contains a mixture of rare earth phosphates, and an yttrium silicate in a heavy sand are now commercial sources of a number of the scarce elements.
B组包括元素钪，钇，镧，和actinium1，和2稀土系列十四each2镧系和锕系元素的系列。这些元素的主要来源是重力高与海滩砂建立起来的water-sorting过程在漫长的地质年代。独居石砂，其中包含一个混合稀土磷酸盐，和一个钇硅酸盐在沉沙现在商业来源的一些这些稀有元素。
湖南陪产假 Separation of the elements is a difficult chemical operation. The solubilities of their compounds are so nearly alike that a paration by fractional crystallization is laborious and time-consuming. In recent years, ion exchange resins in high columns have proved effective. When certain acids are allowed to flow down slowly through a column containing a resin to which ions of Group III B metals are adsorbed, ions are successively relead from the resin3. The resulting solution is removed from the bottom of the column or tower in bands or ctions. Successive ctions will contain specific ions in the order of relea by the resin. For example .lanthanum ion (La3+) is most tightly held to the resin and is the last to be extracted, lutetium ion (Lu3+) is less tightly held and appears in one of the first ctions removed. If the solutions are recycled and the acid concentrations carefully controlled, very effective parations can be accomplished. Quantities of all the lanthanide ries (except promethium, Pm, which does not exist in nature as a stable isotope) are produced for the chemical market.
分离的组成部分是一个困难的化工操作。溶解度的化合物是几乎一模一样，分离结晶是艰
苦和耗时的。近年来，离子交换树脂在高列已证明有效。当某些氨基酸可以缓缓流下一列含有树脂的离子组第三金属离子吸附，先后从resin3。由此产生的解决方案是删除从塔底、塔带或部分。连续的部分将包含特定的离子释放的顺序由树脂。例如。镧离子（La 3 +）是最奶香蜜紧密举行的树脂，是最后被提取，镥离子（lu3+）是不那么严格，出现在第一部分被删除。如果溶液再生和酸浓度小心控制，可以实现非常有效的分离。大量的所有镧系元素（除钷，下午，它不存在的性质作为一个稳定的同位素）生产的化工市场。
The predominant group oxidation number of the lanthanide ries is +3, but some of the elements exhibit variable oxidation states. Cerium forms cerium( III )and cerium ( IV ) sulfates, Ce2 (SO4 )3 and Ce(SO4 )2, which are employed in certain oxidation-reduction titrations. Many rare earth compounds are colored and are paramagnetic, presumably as a result of unpaired electrons in the 4f orbitals.
主要的氧化数为+ 3的稀土系列，但一些元素表现出不同的氧化态。铈铈（爱久见人心Ⅲ）形式和铈（Ⅳ）硫酸盐（SO 4）3，铈和铈（SO 4）2门卫招聘，其中从事某些氧化还原滴定法。许多稀土化合物，是顺磁性的，大概是由于未配对电子的轨道。
All actinide elements have unstable nuclei and exhibit radioactivity. Tho with higher atomic numbers have been obtained only in trace amounts. Actinium (89 Ac), like lanthanum, is a regular Group IIIB element.
锕系元素的所有不稳定原子核和放射性。那些具有较高的原子数目已获得只有微量的。锕（89），如镧，经常是一组III B部元件。
Group IVB ElementsⅣB族元素
In chemical properties the elements remble silicon, but they become increasingly more metallic from titanium to hafnium. The predominant oxidation state is +4 and, as with silica (SiO2学画老虎), the oxides of the elements occur naturally in small amounts. The formulas and mineral names of the oxides are TiO2, rutile; ZrO2, zirconia; HfO2, hafnia.
这些元素在化学性质类似，但他们成为越来越多的金属钛铪。主要的氧化态为+ 4，与二氧化硅（SiO 2）的氧化物，这些要素自然发生少量。公式和矿物的氧化物TiO 2，金红石；氧化锆；氧化铪，锆，铪。
Titanium is more abundant than is usually realized. It compris about 0.44% of the earth's crust. It is over 5.0% in average composition of first analyzed moon rock. Zirconium and titanium oxides occur in small percentages in beach sands.
钛是更丰富的比通常的实现。它由大约0.44%雷神天明闪的地球的地壳。这是超过5%的平均组成，首先分析月球岩石。锆和钛的氧化物发生在小的百分比在海滩砂。
Titanium and zirconium metals are prepared by heating their chlorides with magnesium metal. Both are particularly resistant to corrosion and have high melting points.
钛、锆金属准备通过加热的氯化物与金属镁。双方尤其是耐腐蚀和具有熔点高。
Pure TiO2苹果7重量 is a very white substance which is taking the place of white lead in many paints. Three-fourths of the TiO2 is ud in white paints, varnishes, and lacquers. It has the highest index of refraction (2.76) and the greatest hiding power of all the common white paint materials. TiO2 also is ud in the paper, rubber, linoleum, leather, and textile industries.
纯TiO 2是一种白色物质，代替铅白在许多涂料。四分之三的TiO 2是用白漆，清漆，喷漆。它具有最高的折射率（2.76）和最大的遮盖力的所有常见的白色油漆材料。二氧化钛也用于纸张，橡胶，油毡，皮革，纺织工业。
Group VB Elements: Vanadium, Niobium, and Tantalum群中元素钒，铌，钽：
The are transition elements of Group VB, with a predominant oxidation number of + 5. Their occurrence is comparatively rare.
这些都是过渡族元素中，一个主要的氧化数为+ 5。他们的出现是比较罕见的。
The metals combine directly with oxygen, chlorine, and nitrogen to form oxides, chlorides, and nitrides, respectively. A small percentage of vanadium alloyed with steel gives a high tensile strength product which is very tough and resistant to shock and vibration. For this reason vanadium alloy steels are ud in the manufacture of high-speed tools and heavy machinery. Vanadium oxide is employed as a catalyst in the contact process of manufacturing sulfuric acid. Niobium is a very rare element, with limite
d u as an alloying element in stainless steel. Tantalum has a very high melting point (2850 C) and is resistant to corrosion by most acids and alkalies.
这些金属直接与氧，氯，和氮氧化物，氯化物，氮化物和，分别为。一小部分钒合金钢具有高抗拉强度的产品，是非常艰难的，耐冲击和振动。为此，钒合金钢用于制造高速工具和重型机械。钒氧化物作为催化剂使用的接触过程中制造硫酸。铌是一种非常罕见的元素，以有限的使用作为合金元素在不锈钢。钽具有很高的熔点（2850℃如何补妆），耐腐蚀大多数的酸和碱。
