17.1.1 Overview and Limitations
NOx emission consists of mostly nitric oxide (NO). Less significant are nitrogen oxide (NO 2) and nitrous oxide (N 2O). NOx is a precursor for photochemical smog, contributes to acid rain, and caus ozone depletion. Thus, NOx is a pollutant. The FLUENT NOx model provides a tool to understand the sources of NOx production and to aid in the design of NOx control measures.
NOx Modeling in FLUENT
The FLUENT NOx model provides the capability to model thermal, prompt, and fuel NOx formation as well as NOx consumption due to reburning in combustion systems. It us rate models developed at the Department of Fuel and Energy, The University of Leeds, England as well as from the open literature.
To predict NOx emission, FLUENT solves a transport equation for nitric oxide (NO) concentration. With fuel NOx sources, FLUENT solves an additional transport equation for
an intermediate species (HCN or NH 3). The NOx transport equations are solved bad on a given flow field and combustion solution. In other words, NOx is postprocesd from a combustion simulation. It is thus evident that an accurate combustion solution becomes a prerequisite of NOx prediction. For example, thermal NOx production doubles for every 90 K temperature increa when the flame temperature is about 2200 K. Great care must be exercid to provide accurate thermophysical data and boundary condition inputs for the combustion model. Appropriate turbulence, chemistry, radiation and other submodels must be applied.
To be realistic, one can only expect results to be as accurate as the input data and the lected physical models. Under most circumstances, NOx variation trends can be accurately predicted but the NOx quantity itlf cannot be pinpointed. Accurate prediction of NOx parametric trends can cut down on the number of laboratory tests, allow more design variations to be studied, shorten the design cycle, and reduce product development cost. That is truly the power of the FLUENT NOx model and, in fact, the power of CFD in general.
The Formation of NOx in Flames
In laminar flames, and at the molecular level within turbulent flames, the formation of NOx can be attributed to four distinct chemical kinetic process: thermal NOx formation, prompt NOx formation, fuel NOx formation, and reburning. Thermal NOx is formed by the oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen prent in the combustion air. Prompt NOx is produced by high-speed reactions at the flame front, and fuel NOx is produced by oxidation of nitrogen contained in the fuel. The reburning mechanism reduces the total NOx formation by accounting for the reaction of NO with hydrocarbons. The FLUENT NOx model is able to simulate all four of the process.
Restrictions on NOx Modeling
∙You must u the gregated solver. The NOx models are not available with either of the coupled solvers.
∙The NOx models cannot be ud in conjunction with the premixed combustion model.
手机图片大全
17.1.2 Governing Equations for NOx Transport
庆十一FLUENT solves the mass transport equation for the NO species, taking into account convection, diffusion, production and consumption of NO and related species. This approach is completely general, being derived from the fundamental principle of mass conrvation. The effect of residence time in NOx mechanisms, a Lagrangian reference frame concept, is included through the convection terms in the governing equations written in the Eulerian reference frame. For thermal and prompt NOx mechanisms, only the NO species transport equation is needed:
As discusd in Section 17.1.5, the fuel NOx mechanisms are more involved. The tracking of nitrogen-containing intermediate species is important. 支付宝怎么看银行卡余额FLUENT适可而止 solves a transport equation for the HCN or NH 3 species in addition to the NO species:
where , , and are mass fractions of HCN, NH 3, and NO in the gas pha. The source terms , , and are to be determined next for different NOx mechanisms.
17.1.3 Thermal NOx Formation
The formation of thermal NOx is determined by a t of highly temperature-dependent chemical reactions known as the extended Zeldovich mechanism. The principal reactions governing the formation of thermal NOx from molecular nitrogen are as follows:
动物英文单词
A third reaction has been shown to contribute, particularly at near-stoichiometric conditions and in fuel-rich mixtures:
Thermal NOx Reaction Rates
ago和before的区别
The rate constants for the reactions have been measured in numerous experimental studies [ 21, 70, 162], and the data obtained from the studies have been critically evaluated by Baulch et al. [ 11] and Hanson and Salimian [ 88]. The expressions for the rate coefficients for Reactions 17.1-4- 17.1-6 ud in the NOx model are given below. The were lected bad on the evaluation of Hanson and Salimian [ 88].
