Hagia Sophia, Constantinople(532-7) with later partial reconstructions and additions (pp.301B-305), was Justinian's principal杨红旗 commission蝴蝶兔. The dedication to Hagia Sophia (Divine Wisdom) was really a dedication to Christ, and the church was also known simply as Megale Ecclesia (Great Church). It stood on the site of two earlier churches at one end of the ancient acropolis, alongside the principal square of the city-the Augusteion-and only a short distance from the imperial palace. The first church, founded by Constantius, was dedicated in 360 and burnt in 404. It was rebuilt under Theodosius Ⅱ rededicated in 415, and burnt in the Nika riot of January 532. Both the churches, were, almost certainly, basilicas with double aisles and galleries like the Martyrium Basilica in Jerusalem and S.Demetrius in Salonika, though larger than either. The cond church, at least, was preceded by an atrium that was entered through a monumental propylaeum. As Constantinople incread in importance and its bishop became the patriarch of a large part of the Eastern Church, Hagia Sophia became not only the cathedral but also the patriarchal church.
君士坦丁堡的圣索菲亚达大教堂，在建成之后有过局部重建和添加，是查士丁尼时期最重要
的佛山八景建筑。对于圣索菲亚大教堂的奉献真正意义上是对于基督的奉献，
Justinian’s church was designed by Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorous of Miletus- men with a deep knowledge of the mechanical science of the day who are referred to, not as architects, but as mechanicoi or mechanopoioi. That science was, however, more akin to the geometry of today than to the science of the modern engineer, and it is the masterly geometric ordering of the space and the vaults that cover it that is most apparent from a detailed study of the design. Statically, the design was not completely successful, becau the dome partly collapd barely 30 years after completion and had to be rebuilt to a modified design. But that collap was at least partly attributable to the great speed of erection, far exceeding that of any comparable later structure, and to an unusual quence of earthquakes in the intervening years. It is also necessary to bear in mind that the design went far beyond previously proven practice.
The main body of the church is enclod within a rectangle almost 70m(230ft) wide and 75m(245ft) long, with a projecting ap at the east end and double narthexes preceded b高中生自我陈述>对眼睛好的食物
y an atrium at the west end. In the centre of this is square who sides measure exactly 100 Byzantine feet (31.2m). Over it sits the dome, carried on pendentives which bridge between great micircular arches carried on piers standing just outside the square. Other piers face the piers across the aisles to help resist the outward thrusts of the dome to north and south. To the east and west the arrangement is different, and was even more novel than the u of pendentives to convert the central square to a circle. Here, butting against the transver arches that carry the dome, are two midomes equal in diameter to the dome itlf and carried partly by future piers t against the outer east and west walls. The piers finally take the thrusts to east and west, but at a lower level where they are potentially less damaging. Below the midomes are great hemicycles that double the east-west extent of the nave. Between the main piers and the condary piers just referred to, the hemicycles open into smaller micircular exedrae similar to tho in earlier tetraconch churches. Single aisles run from end to end at each side(p.305), narrowed somewhat by the main mass of the piers and narrowed further by pairs of inward projections from the piers that have been shown to be additions to the
original design made at a late stage of construction when the horizontal forces generated above had begun to push the piers aside in an alarming way. Becau of the prence of the great hemicycles and the exedrae at the east and west, their inner boundaries are very different in their different bays. They communicate at the west with the inner narthex. Above them and above the inner narthex are similarly shaped galleries.雪高
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Partly to carry the aisle and gallery vaults, arched colonnades run between the piers around the nave, and further columns stand within the aisles and galleries. All have monolithic shafts, encircled at top and bottom by bronze collars where, in classical columns, there would have been integral projecting neckings. The shafts within the aisles and galleries are of white Proconnesian marble: tho around the nave are of green Thessalian marble or red porphyry, the latter only in the exedrae at ground level. They carry superb capitals of veral different designs, all of which incorporate integral impost blocks. The capitals, as well as the carved cornices and similar features, were clearly cut for the purpo. So were most of the shafts, despite significant variations in size and the legends of provenance from earlier temples But the porphyry shafts vary more in size
than the others and do em to have been reud. The arrangements are similar at the two levels, except that the colonnades that run around the nave at gallery level-both the straight central colonnades and the curved ones around the exedrae-are not only lower than tho below, as might be expected, but have more columns and clor column spacings.
Above the cond cornice, which runs unbroken around the entire church, are the springings of the main midomes, smaller midomes over the exedrae, and the arches that carry the dome. The midomes were all originally quarter spheres, though the western main one now has a flattened crown and ris more steeply up to it. All originally had five window openings, some of which are now blocked. Below the main arches at north and south are window-filled walls known as tympana. The have been reconstructed, the window area originally having been greater-with a large single window in the upper part. Forty windows originally lit the dome. four of which are now blocked.
The main structure was partly built of large well- fitted blocks of limestone and a local granite, and partly of brick, of the usual Roman flat tile-like proportions. Ashlar was ud for the lower parts of the piers, but it gave way to brick at the higher levels and for all vaults even at ground level. A notable characteristic of the brickwork is that the mortar joints were almost as thick as the bricks. This must have contributed greatly to the early large deformations and the subquent partial collap of the dome.
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