评注性状语的种类和意义
评注性状语通常位于句首,间或也可位于句中或句尾。评注性状语在口语中自成一个语调组(Tone Unit);在书写中常用逗号与句子隔开。
例如:
Really, the students worked very hard last term. 真的,学生们上学期学习很用功。
The students worked very hard last term, really.
Generally speaking,the questions were not very difficult. 一般说来,这些问题并不很难。
The questions,generally speaking,are not very difficult.
评注性状语按语义可分为“方式评注性状语”(Style Disjunct)和“态度评注性状语”(Attitudinal Disjunct)。方式评注性状语表示说话人讲话的方式,如riously,frankly,literally,specifically,generally,广州塔介绍broadly,honestly,confidentially,truly,truthfully,briefly,paren-thetically,relatively,personally,candidly,flatly,crudely,bluntly,simpl
y,metaphorically,strictly,paradoxically等。 如:
Seriously,I've given up my job. 说真的,我已经辞去了我的工作。
Confidentially,she is very stupid. 私下说说,她很愚蠢。
Frankly,I don’t like him.坦白地说,我不喜欢他。
Honestly,Mr Jones reported our story. 真的,琼斯先生报导了我们的新闻。
Personally,I approved of the idea. 就我个人而言,我赞成这个打算。
Generally,附近美食the two writers were against any censorship. 总的来说,这两个作家都反对检查制度。谢忠平
Briefly,there are too many people and too little food. 总而言之,人太多了,食品太少了。
And as California goes today,so goes the nation tomorrow and,parenthetically合同名称
so may go the rest of the world ten to twenty years hence. 今天加州如此,明天全美国也会如此,顺带说一下,一二十年后世界其他地方也都会如此。
What does it give you?Quite simply,it gives you faster more efficient internal communications.
这给人们带来什么好处呢?很简单,这会使人们享有更便捷、更有效率的国内交通。
方式评注性状语除由各种副词表示外,还可采取其他结构形式。 以flankly为例,相应的结构就有in(all) frankness,to be frank,to speak frankly显卡温度,to put it frankly,frankly speaking,putting it frankly,put frankly,if I may be frank,if I can put it frankly,if I can speak frankly 等。
如: In all frankness,he disagrees with you. 坦白地说,他不同意你的意见。 To be frank,you need a great deal of courage. 坦白地说,你要有很大勇气。 Put frankly,it is not the thing to say. 恕我直说吧,那不是该说的事情。 If I may be frank,I'll tell you the whole story. 坦白地说,我愿意向你交底。
态度评注性状语表示说话人对话语的态度,这又可分为若干小类:比如表示话语可靠性的程度有probably,apparently,evidently,obviously,plainly,conceivably,possibly,presumably,arguably等等。如:
Obviously,he was tired of administrative work. 显然,他是不想干行政工作了。
Apparently,he knew the town well. 显然,他很熟悉这个城市。
Presumably,they have sold their hou. 他们大概已经把房子卖了。
Conceivably,that is an inspired question. 可以想象,那是经人授意而提出的问题。
表示“确定”的评注性状语有certainly,surely,admittedly,兴冲冲的意思allegedly,undoubtedly,definitely,incontestably,unarguably,clearly等等。如:
Certainly,your children disliked me. 肯定地说,你的孩子不喜欢我。
Surely,you have saved some money? 谅必你已经攒了一些钱了吧?
Undoubtedly,he is more intelligent than his brother. 肯定地说,他比他的兄弟聪明。
Admittedly,I had no right to be there,but I had lost my way. 无可否认,我没有权利呆在那里,但我是迷路了。
表示惊讶、迷惘、失望、安慰、谅解、遗憾等感情的评注性状语有amazingly,astonishingly,astoundingly,bewilderingly,surprisingly,disappointingly,annoyingly,comfortingly,amusingly,understandably,re-grettably,strangely,curiously等等。例如:
Surprisingly,he ate a lot.令人惊奇的是,他食量很大。
Curiously,the students emed to know the questions already. 奇怪的是,学生们似乎已经知道了题目。
Understandably,no patriot wants to fall into disrepute. 可以理解,没有哪个爱国人士甘心声名扫地。
Regrettably,he had forgotten all his promis. 令人遗憾的是,他竟忘了他的一切承诺。
Annoyingly for his father,John failed the exam veral times256色. 令他父亲烦恼的是,约翰连续几次考试失败。
Amusingly,he did not explain his position to me. 有趣的是,他没有向我说明他的立场。
表示悲伤、高兴、希望、感谢、幸运等感情的评注性状语有sadly文天祥是哪个朝代的,happily,thankfully,hopefully,unhappily,forunately,luckily,unfortu-nately,unluckily等等。如:
Unhappily,he went home without leave. 令人不快的是,他未经请假就回家了。
Luckily,she was not hurt in the accident. 幸运的是,她在事故中没有受伤。
Fortunately,he pasd the exam and was admitted to college. 幸运的是,他通过了考试,进了大学。
Thankfully,everyone returned to the camp safe and sound. 谢天谢地,人人回到营地,平安无事。
Hopefully,the two sides may come to an agreement on this issue. 如果顺利的话,双方可望在这个问题上达成协议。
表示正确、错误、聪明、愚蠢等意义的评注性状语有rightly,correctly,cleverly,wily,incorrectly,wrongly,foolishly,unwily,absurdly,preposterously,unreasonably,unjustly等等。如:
Rightly,the judge received prai for his decision. 当然,那法官因其决定而受到赞扬。
You telephoned the police station first,quite rightly. 你首先打电话报警,很对。
Wily,he answered the soldiers'questions foolishly when he was captured. 他被捉时,装疯卖傻回答大兵的问题,这点做得很聪明。
Not unreasonably,he protested strongly against it. 他对此强烈抗议,那是不无道理的。
Foolishly,the girl did not ask your name. 那姑娘竟然没有问你姓名,太蠢了。
表示寻常、罕见等意义的评注性状语有conventionally,rarely,tradi-tionally,(not)unusually等等。如:
Rarely,very rarely,the master would admit defeat. 那位大师竟也承认失败,难得啊,很难得啊。
Traditionally,cond-hand car prices drop in the autumn and ri in the spring. 按照惯例,二手汽车通常在秋季降价,春季涨价。