美国文学
1.殖民地时期及独立革命战争时期的美国文学
Philip Freneau（菲利普﹒弗瑞诺）
(1)He was considered as the “Poet of the American revolution” as the most outstanding poet in America of the 18th century. (2)He was a satirist, a bitter polemicist. (3)He wrote many poems encouraging revolution and encouraging the glory that would be won by overcoming the British.
The Wild Honey Suckle 《野金银花》
The Indian Burying Ground 《印第安人的殡葬地》
The British Ship《英国囚船》
公务员假期>五禽戏是哪五禽The Rising Glory of America 《美洲光辉的兴起》
(1)The Wild Honey Suckle is Freneau’s best lyric (2)It anticipated the 19th—century u of simple nature imagery.
The Indian Burying Ground anticipated romantic primitivism and the celebration of the “Noble Savage”.
Thomas Jefferson（托马斯电脑怎么设置屏保﹒杰弗逊）
The Declaration of Independence《独立宣言》
(1)The Declaration of Independence was adopted July 4, 1776. (2)It not only announced the birth of a new nation, but also expounded a philosophy of human freedom. (3)It lists 13 cruelties committed by the King of Britain. (4)The famous lines are: “We hold the truths to be lf-evident, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among the are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.”(5) Thomas Jefferson’s thought was inspired by the thoughts of John Locke.蝠的组词>依法治理
2.浪漫主义时期的美国文学
白家疃Calvinism（加尔文主义）试用期工作总结
(1)Calvinism refers to the religious teachings of John Calvin and his followers. (2) Calvin taught that only certain persons, the elect, were chon by God to be saved, and the could be saved only by God’s grace. (3) Calvinism forms the basis for the doctrines and practices of the Huguenots, Puritans, Presbyterians, and the Reformed churches.
American Romanticism（美国浪漫主义）
(1) American Romanticism is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature. (2) It was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism. For romantics, the feelings ,intuitions and emotions were more important than reason and common n. They emphasized individualism, placing the individual against the group. They affirmed the inner life of the lf, and cherished strong interest in the past, the wild, the remote, the mysterious and the strange. They stresd the element “Americanness” in their works. (3)It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Grass. (4) Being a period of the great flowering of
American literature, it is also called “the American Renaissance.” (5) American Romanticists include such literary figures as Washington Irving, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, William Cullen Bryant, Henry Wordsworth Longfellow, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, Herman Melville, Walt Whitman and some others.
Transcendentalism（超验主义）
(1) Transcendentalism refers to the religious and philosophical doctrines of Ralph Waldo Emerson and others in New England in the middle 1800’s, which emphasized the importance of individual inspiration and intuition, the Over—soul, and Nature. Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, lf—reliant. (2)New England Transcendentalism is the product of a combination of native American Puritanism and European Romanticism.
Free ver（自由体诗歌）
(1)Free ver means the rhymed or unrhymed poetry compod without paying attention to conventional rules of meter.(2) Free ver was originated by a group of French poets of the late 19th century. (3)Their purpo was to free themlves from the restrictions of formal metrical patterns and to recreate instead the free rhythms of natural speech. (4)Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Grass is, perhaps, the most notable example.
Symbol（象征）
(1) Symbol means an act, a person, a thing, or a spectacle that stands for something el, usually something less palpable than the named symbol. (2) The relationship between the symbol and its referent is not often one of simple equivalence. Allegorical symbols usually express a neater equivalence with what they stand for than the symbols found in modern realistic fiction.
Theme（主题）
(1) Theme means the unifying point or general idea of a literary work. (2) It provides an a
nswer to such questions as “What is the work about?”(3)Each literary work carries its own theme or themes. For example, King Lear has many themes, among which are blindness and madness.
3.现实主义与自然主义时期的美国文学
American Naturalism (美国自然主义)
(1) The American Naturalists accepted the more negative interpretation of Darwin’s evolutionary theory and ud it to account for the behavior of tho characters in literary works who were regarded as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic forces.
(2) American Naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less rious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence.
(3) Dreir is a leading figure of his school.
Darwinism (达尔文主义)
(1) Darwinism is a term that comes from Charles Darwin’太白岩s evolutionary theory.
(2) Darwinist think that tho who survive in the world are the fittest and tho who fail to adapt themlves to the environment will perish. They believe that man has evolved from lower forms of life. Humans are special not becau God created them in His image, but becau they have successfully adapted to changing environmental conditions and have pasd on their survival-making characteristics genetically.
(3) Influenced by this theory, some American naturalist writers apply Darwinism as an explanation of human nature and social reality.
