英语构词法讲解及专项练习

更新时间:2023-05-21 19:32:49 阅读：评论：0

构词法 Word Formation

在英语中，词的构成方式主要有三种：合成、转化和派生。

一、合成 Compounding 两个或更多的词合成一个词。

方式：1. 直接写在一起。 2. 用连字符(-)连接。 3. 由两个分开的词构成。

(1) 合成形容词

方式	例词
1形容词＋形容词	red-hot
2形容词＋名词	first-class, full-time, part-time
3形容词＋现在分词	good-looking, free-thinking,
4形容词＋过去分词	ready-made
5形容词＋名词-ed	good-tempered, middle-aged, cold-blooded
6名词＋名词-ed	iron-willed
7名词＋形容词	world-famous, day-long
8名词＋现在分词	beauty-loving, freedom-loving, job-hunting,
9名词＋过去分词	man-made, water-covered,
10副词＋形容词	ever-green
11副词＋现在分词	hard-working, far-eing
12副词＋过去分词	well-prepared, quickly-cured, well-known
13数词＋名词	five-year
14数词＋名词+形容词	five-year-old
15数词＋名词-ed	four-legged, six-storied
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(2)合成动词

(3)合成名词

构成方式	例词
1名词＋名词	horback , bank-note, newspaper, cellphone,
2形容词＋名词	back-yard, forehead,
3动名词＋名词	hiding place, reading-room
4动词＋副词	get-off, break in,
5副词＋动词	output, overflow

(4)合成副词however, maybe, wherever, whenever, forever

(5)合成代词whoever,, whatever, everyone, nobody, mylf, something, anything,

二、派生 Derivation

前缀

前缀	含义	例词
a-	处在……	ari, aside, alone
en-	使可能	enrich, enable, enslave
dis-	不，否定	dissatisfy, dishonest, disappear, disorder, disagree
un-	不做相反动作	unable, unknown, uncommon, uncomfortable, unfair, unclo, undress, uncover, untie
in- im- ir- il-	不，非	inactive, incapable, inpatient, incorrect impossible, impersonal, impolite, immature, impractical irregular, irresponsible illogical,
non-	不，非	non existent, non-interference, non-conductor, non-stop
de-	向相反方向发展	Decentralize（分散）, defrost（解冻）
anti-	反（对）	anti-freeze, anti-fascist
mis-	错误的，坏的	misdoings, misunderstand, misfortune
re	重复，再	rewrite, remarry, reunite, recycle,
co-	共同	co-exist, co-operate, co-education
ex	以前的	Ex-husband, ex-president
tele	远程	telephone, telegraph, telescope
super-	在上面，超级	supermarket, superpower,
under-	在……之下	underline, underestimate, underground,
inter-	相互，之间	international, interact, inter-change
sub-	下，次	subtitle, submarine, subconscious, subcontinent,
trans-	过，穿过，变	transformation(变形), translate
vice-	副	vice-premier, vice-president

mi-	半	mifinal, micircle, mi-automatic
bi	两个	bicycle, biennial两年一次的
tri	孕妇可以吃橙子吗三个	triangle三角形, tricycle三轮脚踏车, triplets三胞胎
mul-	多，多种	multiply, multi-national, multi-coloured
kilo-	千	kilometre, 纯音乐网kilogram

后缀

	后缀	例词
名词	-er	farmer, weaver, pain-killer, murderer, , villager, stranger, speaker, cooker, recorder, heater
	-ess	actress, waitress, princess, hostess
	-or	conductor, sailor, transistor, operator,
	-ar	beggar
	-e	Chine, Portugue, Japane
	-ian	musician, Egyptian, physician
	-ist	scientist, dentist, communist, socialist,
	-ent/-ant	assistant
	-ment	argument, judgment, government
	-ness	happiness, greatness, illness, coldness, sleeplessness
	-tion	dictation, preparation, repetition, action, information, invention
	-ing	building, wedding, painting 荣耀歌曲
	-ship	leadership, friendship, hardship
	-age	shortage, marriage, leakage
	-ty	loyalty, cruelty, penalty, sixty, twenty, thirty, certainty
	-th	truth, warmth, length, growth, fifteenth, fourth
	-ance	acceptance, assistance, reliance, appearance
	-ence	写给朋友的句子dependence, confidence, reference, entrance, defence
	-ful	mouthful, handful, plateful,
	-al	refusal, denial, arrival

注意： -e, -ian, -ist 既可以构成名词，又可以构成形容词。

-er 构成的名词，既有表示人的，又有表示物的。

	后缀	例词
形容词	-al	central, industrial, national, natural
	-an	European, American, Australian
	-ern	eastern, northern, southern
	-able	reasonable, horrible, terrible, believable, comfortable, forgettable, nsible
	-ful	careful, cheerful, grateful, faithful,
	-ish	childish, Swedish, lfish
	-ive	destructive, collective, active, creative, effective
	-y	thirsty, dirty, windy, sunny, cloudy, healthy, funny
	-less	careless, hopeless, helpless, homeless, sleepless, fearless, limitless
	-en	golden, wooden, woolen
	车行万里路-ous	courageous, famous, continuous, rious, various
	-ary	imaginary, revolutionary, condary
	-ic	realistic, historic, poetic
	-some	troublesome, burdensome, lonesome, handsome
	-like	childlike, womanlike, manlike
	-ant	ignorant, significant, obrvant, important
	-ent	diligent, silent, excellent, frequent
	-ly	lively, friendly, lovely, weekly, brotherly, motherly
	-ish	childish, foolish

	后缀	例词
动词	-ize	realize, modernize, mechanize, criticize,
	-en	父爱母爱的作文widen, strengthen, lengthen, sharpen, widen, shorten, quicken, deepen
	-fy	Simplify, beautify, terrify,

	后缀	例词
副词	-ward(s)	forward, northward, backward, downward
副词	-ly	slowly, quickly, carefully, loudly, happily, friendly

三、转化 Conversion: 指一个词不变化词形，而由一种此类转化为另一种词类或几种词类。

1. 名词和动词之间的转化

telephone电话——打电话, mirror镜子——像镜子一样反映, drink喝——饮料, record录音——记录, name, date, hand, study,

2. 形容词转化为动词 perfect完美的——使完善

3.名词转化为形容词(副词) front前面——前面的

4.形容词转化为名词 chief 主要的——首领

语法填空之构词法专项练习

1. The soldier died for saving the child，so his________（die） is heavier than Mount Tai.

2. The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in ________(long).

3. How________ (fool) he is!

4.The black people were against slavery and fought for their ________(free) bravely.

5. What you said sounded________(reason) but in fact it was untrue.

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标签：名词形容词转化相反录音构成

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