Reading 3
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Why We Sleep: A Biological Perspective
从生物学角度考察人类为什么要睡眠
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By Jerome M. Siegel
Section 1
1 Birds do it, bees do it, and even fruit flies appear to do it. Humans certainly do it. The subject is not love, but sleep. Shakespeare's Macbeth said it “knits up the raveled sleeve of care” and was the "balm of hurt minds, great nature's cond cour, chief nourisher in life's feast." Cervantes's Sancho Panza sang its prais as "the food that cures all hunger, the water that quenches all thirst, the fire that warms the cold, the cold that cools the balancing weight that levels the shepherd with the king, and the simple with the wi. "
鸟儿/蜜蜂儿/甚至是苍蝇儿都需要睡觉,人类当然也需要睡觉.本主题所谈论的非爱情,而是睡眠.莎士比亚说,那是”织补关照的袖口”和那是”心灵慰藉,自然的赋予,生命的滋养”科文特斯.伯查却赞歌”食足肚饿,水慰口渴,火暧冬寒,寒静热血......这均衡的赐予抚平了牧人与国王的差别,抚平了愚者与智者的差别.”
2 The simple and the wi have long contemplated two related questions: What is sleep, and why do we need it? An obvious answer to the latter is that adequate sleep is necessary to stay alert and awake. That respon, however, dodges the issue and is the equivalent of saying that you eat to keep from being hungry or breathe to ward off feelings of suffocation. The real function of eating is to supply nutrients, and the function of breathing is to take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide. But we have no comparably straightforward explanation for sleep. That said, sleep rearch --- less than a century old as a focud field of scientific inquiry --- has generated enough insight for investigators to at least make reasonable proposals about the function of the somnolent state that consumes one third of our lives.
人们长期关注着两个相关的问题:什么是睡眠,为什么要睡眠?一个最新的答案是:睡眠是为了保持警觉和清醒的需要.然后,这个答案回避了问题本身,如同说吃饭是为了充饥,呼吸是为了免除窒息一样.其实,吃饭的作用是提供营养,呼吸的作用是吸入氧气和呼出二氧化碳.但我们没有同样地直接回答睡眠是为了什么.也就是说, 人们对睡眠的研究,在不到一个世纪以来将之作为一个重要的研究领域已经进行了充分的探究,至少对于这一占去人生三分之一的睡眠的功能提出了合理的解释.关于春季的古诗
Section 2
如何打屁股What is sleep?
3 Despite the difficulty in strictly defining sleep, an obrver can usually tell when a subject is sleeping: the sleeper ordinarily exhibits relative inattention to the environment and is usually immobile. (Dolphins and other marine mammals swim while sleeping, however, and some birds may sleep through long migrations.)
尽管严格定义睡眠是困难的.但是观测者一般能看出什么时候是进入睡眠状态:睡眠者通常对环境失去注意,以及静止不动.
4 In 1953 sleep rearch pioneer Nathaniel Kleitman and his student Eugene Arinsky of the University of Chicago decisively overthrew the commonly held belief that sleep was simply a cessation of most brain activity. They discovered that sleep was marked by periods of rapid eye movement, commonly now known as REM sleep. And its existence implied that something active occurred during sleep. All terrestrial mammals have been examined exhibit REM sleep, which alternates with non-REM sleep, also called quiet sleep, in a regular cycle.
睡眠研究的先行者芝加哥大学的纳撒尼尔与他的学生尢金在1953年果断地推翻以往认为睡眠是大部分大脑活动的简单停止的观点.他们发现睡眠是以快速动眼期开始的活动,现在通常称作快速动眼期睡眠.这一时期的存在意味着,当睡眠发生时,某一活动开始出现.所有的陆生哺乳动物经检都呈现出这一时期,它与一种叫做静睡眠的非快速动眼期轮换出现,并有规律地循环.
5 More recently, the field has made its greatest progress in characterizing the nature of sleep at the level of nerve cells (neurons) in the brain. In the past 20 years, scientists hav
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e mastered techniques for guiding fine microwires into various brain regions. Such wires produce no pain once implanted and have been ud in humans as well as in a wide range of laboratory animals while they went about their normal activities, including sleep. The studies showed, as might be expected, that most brain neurons are at or near their maximum levels of activity while the subject is awake. But neuronal doings during sleep are surprisingly variable. Despite the similar posture and inattention to the environment that a sleeper shows during both REM and non-REM sleep, the brain behaves completely differently in the two states.
最近更多在大脑神经细胞水平上描述睡眠特性的领域取得了巨大的进展.过去20年,科学家已经掌握了控制精细微电极导入脑部神经各区域的技术.这种电极植入是无痛的,它已经使用在人类上,也广泛地使用在实验动物上,并不影响他们包括睡眠在内的一切正常活动.这些研究结果正如我们所预料的那样,当研究对象清醒的时候,其大部分脑神经在或接近最大的活跃状态.但是当睡眠时神经元的表现却惊人地不同.尽管睡眠者在快速动眼期和非快速动眼期睡眠的姿势和不注意的条件相同,脑神经在两种睡眠状态中的活动却完全不同.
主婚人6 During non-REM sleep, cells in different brain regions do very different things. Most neurons in the brain stem, immediately above the spinal cord, reduce or stop firing, whereas most neurons in the cerebral cortex and adjacent forebrain regions reduce their activity by only a small amount. What changes most dramatically is their overall pattern of activity. During the awake state, a neuron more or less goes about its own individual business. During non-REM sleep, in contrast, adjacent cortical neurons fire synchronously, with a relatively low frequency rhythm. (Seemingly paradoxically, this synchronous electrical activity generates higher-voltage brain waves than waking does. Yet just as in an idling automobile, less energy is consumed when the brain "idles" in this way.) Breathing and heart rate tend to be quite regular during non-REM sleep, and reports of vivid dreams during this state are rare. 山西的名人
