What Is Biology
The science of biology is, broadly speaking , the study of living things.It draws on chemistry and physics for its foundation and applies the basic physical laws to living things. Becau there are many kinds of living things, there are many special areas of study in biology. Practical biology—like medicine, crop science, plant breeding, and wildlife management –is balanced by more theoretical biology—such as medical microbiological physiology, photosynthetic biochemistry, plant taxonomy, and animal behavior (ethology). There is also just plain fun biology like inct collecting and bird watching. Specifically, biology is a science that deals with living things and how they interact with all of the things around them.
Biology was defined as the science that deals with livings. But what does it mean to be alive? You would think that a biology textbook could answer this question very easily. However, this question is more than just a theoretical one, since it has become necessary i
n recent years to construct some legal definitions of what life is and especially when it begins and ends. The legal definition of death is important since it may determine whether or not a person will receive life insurance benefits or if body parts may be ud in transplants. In ca of heart transplants, the person donating the heart may be legally “ dead ”, but the heart certainly isn’t since it can be removed while it still has “life”. In other words ,there are different kinds of death. There is the death of the whole living unit and the death of each cell within the living unit. A person actually “dies” before every cell has died. Death ,then, is the abnce of life, but that still doesn’t tell us what life is. At this point, we won’t try to define life but will describe some of the basic characteristics of living things.拨动心弦
生物科学，广泛的说，即是对活的生物的研究。它利用化学和物理学为基础并将这些自然法则应用到生物中。.questioning由于生物多样性的存在，生物学中有很多特殊的研究领域。一些实用生物学，例如医学，作物学，植物育种学和野生动物管理学，已经同很多例如医学微生物生理学，光合生物化学，植物分类法，动物行为学的理论生物学形成均势。还有一些仅仅由兴趣产生的简单的生物学，像昆虫收集和观察鸟类。具体来讲，生物学是研究生物以及
生物与生物及生物与环境之间相互作用的科学。
什么的一天生物学被定义为研究活的生物体。那就意味着必须得是活的物体么？你可能会认为一本生物学课本可以很简单的回答这个问题。然而，最近几年，在创立一些合法的定义例如什么是生命，特别是何时为生何时为死方面，这个问题已经成为了必需的部分，因此，它已经不仅仅是理论问题了。法律对死的定义很重要，它将决定一个人是否能够获得人寿保险的赔偿或者一个身体器官是否可以用于移植。以心脏移植为例，捐献心脏的人必须是法律上的死亡，但是既然能够移植，心脏肯定不是死的，所以它还是“活”的。换句话说，死亡可以有很多种。有些是所有的生命单位都死亡，还有生命单元中的每个细胞都死亡。一个人的其实在所有的细胞都死亡之前已经死了。死亡，生命的缺失，但仍没有告诉我们什么是生。因此，我们不会试图定义什么是生，但会描述活的生命的一些基本特征。
The Value of Biology
To a great extent, we owe our current high standard of living to biological advances in two areas: food production and dia control. Plant and animal breeders have developed plants and animals that provide better sources of food than the original varieties. One of t
双鱼座白羊座he best examples of this is the various changes that have occurred in corn. Corn is a grass that produces its ed on a cob. The original corn plant had very small ears that were perhaps only three or four centimeters long. Through lective breeding, varieties of corn with much larger ears and more eds per cob have been produced. This has incread the yield greatly. In addition, the corn plant has been adapted to produce other kinds of corn, like sweet corn and popcorn..
Corn is not an isolated example. Improvement in yield have been brought about in wheat, rice oats, and other cereal grains. The improvements in the plants, along with changed farming practices(also brought about through biological experimentation),have led to greatly incread production of food.
Animal breeders have also had great success. The pig, chicken, and cow of today are much different animals from tho available even one hundred years ago. Chickens lay more eggs, dairy cows give more milk, and beef cattle grow faster. All of the improvements rai our standard of living. One interesting example is the change in the k
inds of hogs that are raid At one time, farmers wanted pigs that were fatty. The fat could be made into lard, soap, and a variety of other uful products. As the demand for the fat products of pigs began to decline, animal breeders began to develop pigs that gave a high yield of meat and relatively little fat. Today, plant and animal breeders can produce plants and animals almost to specifications.胸腺肽片
在很大程度上，我们应把当前我们高标准生活中先进的生物领域规为两大领域：食品生产和疾病治理。动植物繁殖者们已经开始培育新的动植物了，这些新培育的动植物可以比原来的种类更好的提供食物来源。最好的一个例子就是发生在玉米上的各种各样的变化。玉米是一种禾草，它的产物是种子，长在玉米穗轴上。原始玉米的穗很小，大概只有3到4厘米长。
关于过年的诗通过有选择性的繁殖，各种各样的玉米有了更长的穗和每个穗轴上产出了更多的种子。这使得产量有了很大的提高。另外，这种玉米已经应用于其他种类的玉米产品上了，比如甜玉米和爆米花。
玉米不是唯一的例子。在小麦，大米，燕麦和其它谷类作物上都提高了产量。在改进植物
的同时，也要改变农作方式（当然，也带来了一些生物学上的实验），就会导致食物的增产。
动物饲养者们同样也取得了很大的成功。今天的猪，鸡和牛在一些可利用方面要与一百年前的有所不同。鸡会产更多的蛋。奶牛会产出更多的牛奶，肉牛会长的更快。所有的这些进步，都会提高我们的生活水平。一个有趣的例子就是在各种猪的身上发生了一些改变，那就是增加了它们的数量。同时，农民希望猪能胖一些。脂肪可以制成猪油，肥皂和其它一些有用的产品。当猪脂肪产品的需求量开始下降时，动物饲养者就开始培育一种猪，这种猪有较高的瘦肉产量和较少的肥肉。今天，动植物的培育者们可以培育出具有相同标准的动植物产品。
Much of the improvement in food production has resulted from the control of plants and animals that compete with or eat the organisms we u as food. Control of incts and fungi that weaken plants and reduce yields is as important as the invention of new varieties of plants. Since the are “living” pests, biologists have been involved in the study of them also.
There has been fantastic progress in the area of health and dia control. Many dias such as polio, whooping cough, measles, and mumps can be easily controlled by vaccinations or “shots”. Unfortunately, the vaccines have worked so well that some people no longer worry about getting their shots, and some of the dias are reappearing. The dias have not been eliminated, and people who are not protected by vaccinations are still susceptible to them.
卤面怎么做The understanding of how the human body works has led to treatments that can control dias such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and even some kinds of cancer. Paradoxically, the advances contribute to a major biological problem: the increasing size of the human population.
大部分的食品生产都是通过控制我们食用的动植物原料的质量来得到提高的。发明一个可控制那些能够削弱植物和减少产量的昆虫和病菌的新物种也是非常重要的。自从这些“生活”病虫害出现之后，生物学家对它们进行了深入的研究。
奥地利维也纳大学
