学术研究常⽤介绍性短语整理
学术研究要求我们仔细审查信息并评估其可信度。因此，当我们思考各种现象时，我们会检验经验数据，并精⼼制作详细的解释来证明我们的解释是正确的。构建我们的研究叙事的⼀个重要组成部分是提供⽀持的证据和例⼦。
我们提供的证据类型可以⽀持我们的主张，也可以让读者对我们的分析感到困惑或怀疑。重要的是，我们要使⽤适当的、合乎逻辑的短语，清晰地引导读者从⼀个观点到下⼀个观点。在这篇⽂章中，我们将讨论在何种情况下应该使⽤证据和⽰例，并对可⽤于⽀持论点的有效语⾔进⾏分类。
When to introduce evidence and examples
证据和例⼦为你的主张奠定了坚实的基础。没有证据，你的论点就缺乏可信性和说服⼒。因此，当你介绍例⼦的时候，确保在需要的时候明智地提供证据，并使⽤短语来恰当⽽清晰地解释证据是如何⽀持你的论点的。
你应该把你的论点和证据联系起来，当你：
提出“⾮常识性”的信息；
儿歌《过新年》根据具体数据得出结论、推断或提出建议；
需要澄清之前的陈述，⽤⼀个例⼦会更有效；
需要确定⼀个类别的代表性例⼦；
区分不同的概念；
通过强调⼀个具体的情况来强调某⼀点。
Introductory phras to u and their contexts
为了帮助你有效地⽀持你的陈述，我们根据它们的功能组织了下⾯的介绍性短语。这个列表并不全⾯，但它将为你提供你可以使⽤的短语类型的想法。
1.Purpo：stating information that is not “common knowledge”
Introductory Phra：
· [u relevant style guide’s in-text citation format]
· As [Author] indicated/ stated/ discovered
· According to [Author]
Example：
· As Smith indicated in a 2010 study . . .
· According to Marks and Peters . . .牛肉炒青椒怎么做
2.Purpo：drawing conclusions, making inferences, or suggesting implications bad on specific data
Introductory Phra：
· suggests
· as evidenced/ suggested/ indicated by
· bad on
· can be en/ obrved when
· as en in
· which is made apparent when
· is demonstrated by/ through/ when
· hinges on
Example：
· The strong negative correlation suggests that . . .
· As evidenced/ suggested/ indicated by their enlarged adrenal glands, patients with . . .
· Bad on lf-reported survey results . . .
· This phenomenon can be en/ obrved when wind speeds exceed . . .
· As en in the high recurrence rates of . . .
· The causal link between A and B, which is made apparent when B triggers . . .
· The efficacy of chocolate as a cure for unhappiness is demonstrated by survey results highlighted in . . .鞠躬尽瘁读音
· This conclusion hinges on . . .
3.Purpo：clarifying a prior statement
Introductory Phra：
· for example
· for instance
· by way of illustration
· as an example
· to clarify
· to explain further
· namely
· to be specific
· that is,
·
in other words
Example：
· This occurrence is rare. For example, only one in twenty . . .
· It is unlikely that current population growth rates are sustainable. For instance, veral major coastal cities are already suffering from . . .
· By way of illustration, less than 20% of new matriculates feel prepared for . . .
· As an example, when a country faces economic recession, polls indicate that over 80% of the population supports . . .
哺乳期上火怎么办
· To clarify, not all government-funded facilities provide . . .
· To explain further, large dos of Agent O can trigger . . .
· Millennials prefer flexible work conditions, namely the ability to work remotely.
· To be specific, bull markets can . . .
· That is, significant and sudden drops in temperature can . . .北风吹雪花飘
· In other words, short bursts of high-intensity ultrasound can . . .
4.Purpo：identifying reprentative examples of a category
Introductory Phra：
· for example/ instance
· such as*
· e.g.
· one/ another example
· like*
· excluding
庆祝六一· including
·
an example being
*NOTE: “such as” and “like” have two different us. “Such as” introduces a specific example that is part of a category. “Like” suggests the listed items are similar to, but not included in, the topic discusd.
Example：
· Typhoons are considered acts of God, for example/ instance.
· The island is home to many native carnivorous plants, such as Venus flytraps.
· The only known bioluminescent vertebrates are fish (e.g. the anglerfish and lantern fish).· One/ another example of this exception is . . .
· I prefer outdoor sports like mountain climbing becau they allow me to enjoy nature while exercising.
· All mammals, excluding humans, stop drinking milk at a young age.
· All stars, including our sun, . . .
· Hawks feast on rodents, an example being . . .
5.Purpo：distinguishing concepts
Introductory Phra：
· in a similar ca
· unlike the ca of
· in the same way
· as a ca in point
· in a typical situation
· in a normal scenario
Example：
· In a similar ca, a male patient with arthritis . . .
·
Unlike a single-blind study, a double-blind study reduces the risk of obrver bias.
做饭心得· Redundancy and wordiness can be reduced in the same way: through careful editing.
· As a ca in point, let’s look at the situation in which . . .
· In a typical situation, marsupials would . . .
· In a normal scenario, cortisol suppressant effects . . .
6.Purpo：emphasizing a point by highlighting a specific situation
Introductory Phra：
· for example
· indeed
· in fact
· notably
·
markedly
· as a ca in point
Example：
· Nocturnal marsupials, for example, have . . .热门明星
· Indeed, since the World Health Organization declared an end to the Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo . . .
· Ice-free habitats around Antarctica, in fact, have . . .
· High carbon steel alloys, notably, undergo a transformation when . . .
· Markedly, the derts irregular rainfall levels have . . .
· As a ca in point, the last known male northern white rhinoceros . ..
