英语：哈利波特魔法语法讲义-定语从句
在复合句中充当定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句的作用相当于形容词，用来修饰主句中的某一名词或代词或整个主句，所以，也称作形容词性从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词两种。
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
引导定语从句的关系代词主要有who, whom, who, which, that等。它们分别代替前面的先行词，并在定语从句中作主语、宾语或定语。紫金砂
A．who
指人，在定语从句中作主语。
What was the name of the man who lent you the money
借钱给你的那人叫什么名字？（定语从句修饰先行词the man）
He who laughs lst laughs best.
谁笑到最后谁笑得最好。（定语从句修饰先行词he）
The chairman of the meeting, who spoke first, sat on my right.
会议主席坐在我右边，他先发言。（定语从句修饰先行词the chairman）
B．whom
指人，在定语从句中做宾语。在口语或非正式文体中，whom可省略或可用who来代替，但在介词后面以及在非限制性定语从句中只能用whom。
There are some people (whom who)we like and others (whom who) we dislike.
有些人我们是喜欢的，有些人则是我们讨厌的。（定语从句分别修饰先行词people, others）
The people whom who I work with are all friendly.
和我一起工作的人都很友好。（定语从句修饰先行词the people）进厂打工
Mr Carter, whom I spoke to on the phone last night, is very interested in or plan.
昨晚我在电话里和卡特先生交谈过，他对我们的计划很感兴趣。（非限制性定语从句中不能用who代替whom）Two men, neither of whom I had ever en before, came into my office.
两个人来到我的办公室，我以前从未见过他们。（在介词后面不用who）
C．who
通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语，后面要紧跟被修饰的名词。
There are some people who faces you can never forget.
有些人，他们的脸你永远难以忘怀。（定语从句修饰先行词people）
I saw some trees who leaves were black becau of the polluted air.
我看见一些树的树叶由于空气污染而发黑。（定语从句修饰行词trees）
D．which
1．指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语。做宾语时常可省略。
English is a language which is easy to learn.
英语是一门容易学的语言。（which在定语从句中作主语，不能省略）
This is a folk song which is now very popular.
这是目前非常流行的一首民谣（which在定语从句中作主语，不能省略）
The river which flows through London is the Thames.
流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。（which在定语从句中作主语，不能省略）
The children like cookies (which) my wife makes.
孩子们喜欢我夫人做的饼干。(关系代词which作makes的宾语，可以省略)
2．which引导的非限制性定语从句可以修饰前面的整个主句，相当于and this。
Jim pasdhis driving test, which surprid everybody.
吉姆通过了驾驶考试，这使大家都感到惊讶。（定语从句修饰的是整个主句，而不是the driving test）
Sheila couldn't come to the party, which was a pity.
希拉不能来参加聚会，真遗憾。（定语从句修饰的是整个主句，而不是the party）
3．which在非限制性定语从句中有时也可以作定语。
John stayed here for a week, during which time we visited the West Lake together.
约翰在这里呆了一星期，在此期间我们一起游了西湖。
It might snow this weekend, in which ca we won't go to Beijing.
周末可能下雪，在这种情况下，我们就不去北京了。
E．that
指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语（做宾语时常可省略）。He is the man that lives next door.
他就是住在隔壁的那个人。（定语从句修饰先行词the man，作主语）
I don't like stories that have unhappy endings.
我不喜欢结尾悲伤的故事。（定语从句修饰先行词stories，作主语）
The dress (that) Ann bought doesn't fit her very well.
葛仙山风景区安买的衣服不太合身。（定语从句修饰先行词the dress，that作宾语可省略）
Is there anything (that) I can do for you
有我能为你效劳的事吗？（定语从句修饰先行词anything，that作宾语，可省略）
提示：
在口语中，that有时还可以作关系副词，相当于when或介词+which结构。
We left the day (that) he arrived. 他来的那一天，我们就走了。（that替when）
He doesn't e things the way (that) we e them. 他看问题的方法和我们不一样。（that代替in which）
Imagine the speed (that) he drives his car! 很难想象，他开车的速度那么快！（that代替at which）
F．其他关系代词
as 和but也可作关系代词，引导定语从句。
1．as
as可以在限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句中作主语或宾语。
①在限制性定语从句中，as可跟在由such, so, the same修饰的先行词之后。
Such men as heard him were deeply moved.
提单的种类
听过他说话的人，都会深受感动。（as在定语从句中作heard的主语）
I've never heard such stories as he tells.
我从未听过像他讲的这样的故事。（as在定语从句中作tell的宾语）宽容作文800字
He lifted so heavy a stone as no one el can lift.
他搬起别人都搬不起的大石头。（as在定语从句中lift的宾语）
比较：
在the same as结构中，as也可用that代替。但严格地说，the same as强调相同，the same that注重同一。She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore.
她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的衣裙。（as指的是与先行词相似的同类事物）
She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary's wedding.
她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。（that指的是与先行词同一事物）
②在非限制性定语从句中，as可代表主句整个句子，引导的定语从句可以放在主句之前或主句之后，一般用逗号与主句分开。
As everyone knows, Taiwan belongs to China.
众所周知，台湾属于中国的领土。
He is from the south, as we can know from his accent.
他是南方人，这一点我们从他的口音可以知道。
旺仔牛奶
必背：
一些由as引导的定语从句常位于句首，已形成了固定的说法。
as is known to all
这是众所周知的
as has been said before
如前所说
as is often the ca
情况常常如此
as may be imagined
这可以想象得出
as has been pointed out
正如已经指出的那样
as often happens
这种情况常常发生读故事的英文
2．but
but作关系词只能引导限制性定语从句，同具有否定意思的主句连用，相当于that not, who not或which not。There is not a single student in my class but would like to study more.
我班上没有一个学生不愿意多学一点的东西的。（but = who not ）
There are very few but are against war
很少人不反对战争。（but = who not）
G．介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
介词+关系代词引导的定语从句是一种非常常见但也比较复杂的定语从句结构。
1. 介词+关系代词中介词的位置
关系代词whom, which在从句中作介词宾语时，可以跟介词一起放在从句与主句之间（that, who不可以），也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面，使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的先行词。
He is a man of rich experience, from whom much can be learned.
= He is a man of rich experience, whom much can be learned from.
他是个经验丰富的人，从他那儿可以学到很多。
The school in which he once worked is a key school.
=The school (which that) he once worked in is a key school.
他曾经工作过的学校是一所重点学校。
The manager in who company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions.
=The manager who company I'm working in pays much attention to improving our working conditions.
我就职的那家公司经理十分注意改善我们的工作条件。
2．介词+关系代词的常见结构
①介词+which whom
This is the famous singer about whom we have often talked.
这就是那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家。
Fortunately we had a map, without which we would have got lost.
很幸运，我们带了一张地图，如没有的话，我们就会迷路了。
②名词+of+ which whom
Plea pass me the book the cover of which is blue. 请把那本蓝封面的书递给我。（也可用who cover）
③数词+o+ which whom
She's got three lucky pens, two of which she never us.
她有三只幸运笔，其中两只从未用过。
In our school there are about 200 teachers, thirty percent of whom are women. 我校大约有200位教师，其中百分之三十是女教师。
④代词+of+ which whom
In the basket I find many apples, some o which have gone bad.
我发现篮子里有好些苹果，有些已经坏了。
There are fifty students in our class, most of whom are from big cities.
我们班有50个学生，其中大多数来自大城市。蓝色矢车菊
Norman won $50,000, half of which he gave to his parents.
诺曼赢得五万美元，他将其中一半给了他父母。
Tom tried on three shirt, none of which he was satisfied with.
汤姆试穿了三件衬衫，都不满意。
⑤最高级+of+ which whom
China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan. 中国有数千个岛屿，其中最大的是台湾。
⑥介词+which+名词
He usually returns home at ten, at which hour his father locks all the doors ad windows.
他通常十点钟回家，在这时候他爸爸锁好所有的门窗。
His wife got riously ill, in which ca he had to give up the chance of going abroad.
他的妻子病得很重，在这种情况下，他不得不放弃出国的机会。
