伴随状语
定义：伴随状语是指状语从句的动作伴随主句发生，它的特点是：它所表达的动作或状态是伴随着句子谓语动词的动作而发生或存在的。
例如：
①He sat in the armchair，reading a newspaper.
他坐在扶手椅里读报。
②All night long he lay awake，thinking of the problem.
他整夜躺在床上睡不着，思考着那个问题。
伴随状语出现的条件
是由一个主语发出两个动作或同一个主语处于两种状态，或同一个主语发出一个动作时又伴随有某一种状态。伴随状语的逻辑主语一般情况下必须是全句的主语，伴随状语与谓语动词所表示的动作或状态是同时发生的。
伴随状语几种表示方法
：
菊花的特征一、使用分词形式
The dog entered the room, following his master(这条狗跟着主人进了屋)。
The master entered the room,followed by his dog(主人进了屋，后面跟着他的狗)。
二、用with复合结构
The little girls were playing with snow with their hands frozen red(小女孩们在玩雪，手都冻红了)。
三、用独立主格结构
The little boy goes to school, the little dog accompanying him every day(这小孩每天去上学，那条小狗陪伴着他)。
四、用形容词
Crusoe went home, full of fear(克鲁索满怀恐惧地回家)。
Confident of the victory the players are fighting hard(运动员们对比赛夺胜满怀信心奋力拼搏)。
The match will be broadcast live(这场比赛将作实况转播)。
He left home young and came back old(他少小离家老大回)。
五、用名词
He went away a beggar but retumed a millionaire(他讨吃要饭离家，腰缠万贯回归)。
He who had been twice prime minister of the country, died civilian(他曾两度出任这个国家的总理，而死的时候却是一个平民)。
六、用介词短语
The girl came back to her mother in tears.(这女孩眼泪汪汪地回到母亲身边)。
How can you go to the wedding party in rags(你怎能衣衫褴褛地去参加婚宴)？
I went home out of breath(我上气不接下气地回家)。
伴随状语的判断
The dog entered the room, following his master.一般在分词短语（现在分词表主动过去表被动）前有逗号的是伴随状语。
独立主格
独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和分词)或形容词、副词、或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。独立主格结构本身不是句
独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如：
表示时间
The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。
表示条件
幼儿园见习The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。
表示原因
There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。
He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。
表示伴随情况
Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.)
用法
独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
用作时间状语
The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。
用作条件状语
Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
用作原因状语
An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
用作伴随状语
He was lying on the grass, his hands crosd under his head (=and his hands were crosd under his head).他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。
表示补充说明
We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。
*注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。
形式
1>一般独立主格形式：与主句逻辑关系松散
形式为: n. + -ed/-ing形式;n. + 不定式; n. + 介词短语; n. + 形容词;n. + 副词. ;
名词/主格代词+现在分词
名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主谓关系。如：
The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。
Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。
名词/主格代词+过去分词
名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是动宾关系。如：
The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。
Her glass broken (= Becau her glass were broken), she couldn't e the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。
名词/主格代词+不定式
名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。如：He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。
They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。
名词/主格代词+形容词
如：
An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。
So many people abnt, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。
名词/主格代词+副词
如：
He put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。
The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。
名词/主格代词+介词短语
如：
The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。
庄周梦蝶的故事
Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。
2>with 引导的独立主格：与主句逻辑关系紧密
形式为: with + n. + -ed/-ing形式; with + n. +abj.; with +n. + 介词短语
3>each引导的强调型独立主格：强调句尾的复数名词
形式为：句子+ 复数名词结尾, each + 介词短语/形容词短语/名词短语/-ing 形式/-ed形式
如:
Under the restructuring, the huge organization that operates the company's basic business will be divided into five groups, each with its own executive.（题源:《GMAT语法全解》白勇著，Page38）
4>其他形式
There being +名词（代词）
干豆角烧肉
如：
There being nothing el to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。
There being no further business, I declare the meeting clod. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。
It being +名词（代词）
如：
It being Christmas, the government offices were clod. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。
特点
1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例：
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考试结束了，我们开始放假。恋爱的温度
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.彩妆学习
工作完成后，我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
出的反义词是什么
他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆
注：独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。
如：Don’t sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。
He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。
冰痕之握She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。
He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。
I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。
He sat there with his eyes clod. 他闭目坐在那儿。
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。
I can’t go out with all the clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。
注意事项
1.独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对
象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如：After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了课室。
2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形：在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略。
(1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如：It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。
(2)在There being＋名词的结构中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。
3. 通常不用物主代词或冠词在“名词（或代词）＋介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯小姐走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in her hand.
4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开
始开会。(比较动名词复合结构。)
示例
请看下面一道题：
Not far from the school there was a garden, _________ owner ated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon.
A. its
B. who
C. which
D. that
