疫情防护【ANESTHESIOLOGY】COVID-19个人防护装备
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文明校园六好标准
翻译：苗 猫 排版：丹妮
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Clinicians who care for patients infected with coronavirus dia 2019 (COVID-19) must wear a full suite of personal protective equipment, including an N95 mask or powered air purifying respirator, eye protection, a fluid-impermeable gown, and gloves. This combination of personal protective equipment may cau incread work of breathing, reduced field of vision, muffled speech, difficulty hearing, and heat stress. The effects are not caud by individual weakness; they are normal and expected reactions that any person will have when expod to an unusual environment. The physiologic and psychologic challenges impod by personal protective equipment may have multiple caus, but immediate countermeasures and long-term mitigation strategies can help to improve a clinician’s ability to provide care. Ultimately, a systematic approach to the design and integration of personal protective equipment is needed to improve the safety of patients and clinicians.
鳌头是什么意思
护理2019年冠状病毒病（COVID-19）感染患者的临床医生必须穿戴全套个人防护装备，包括N95面罩或电动空气净化呼吸器、护目镜、液体不渗透长袍和手套。这种个人防护装备的组合可能会导致呼吸工作增加、视野缩小、言语低沉、听力困难和热应激。这些影响
不是由个人弱点造成的；它们是任何人暴露在异常环境中时的正常和预期反应。个人防护装备带来的生理和心理挑战可能有多种原因，但立即采取对策和长期缓解策略有助于提高临床医生提供护理的能力。最终，需要采用系统的方法来设计和整合个人防护设备，以提高患者和临床医生的安全性。
Clinicians around the world u personal protective equipment while caring for patients affected by the coronavirus dia 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Physicians of all specialties perform aerosol-generating procedures (including tracheal intubation and extubation), administer treatments that generate aerosols (e.g., bilevel positive airway pressure ventilation and high-flow nasal cannulas), or must simply stand within two meters of an infectious patient. Personal protective equipment required for the care of the patients includes an N95 mask with a face shield or powered air-purifying respirator, a gown, and gloves. This combination of personal protective equipment caus incread work of breathing, reduced field of vision, reduced tactile nsation, and heat stress.1–4 Additional problems include ill-fitting equipment and shortages that result in constant changes in the type and availability of equipment that healthcare profes
sionals must u. Each of the challenges has the potential to impair a clinician’ s ability to care for his or her patients.
世界各地的临床医生在护理受2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)大流行影响的患者时使用个人防护设备。所有专业的医生执行产生气溶胶的程序(包括气管插管和拔管)，实施产生气溶胶的治疗(例如，两级正压通气和高流量鼻插管)，或者必须站在感染患者两米以内。护理这些患者所需的个人防护装备包括带有面罩或动力空气净化呼吸器的N95口罩、长袍和手套。这种个人防护装备的组合会增加呼吸工作，缩小视野，减少触觉和热应激。1-4一年级科学其他问题包括设备不合适和短缺，导致医疗专业人员必须使用的设备类型和可用性不断变化。这些挑战中的每一个都有可能损害临床医生照顾他或她的病人的能力。
In the past, medical equipment was designed with the expectation that the ur will adapt his or her workflow to the device. Instead, the device should be designed to accommodate the needs of the ur. Advances in human factors engineering lead to equipment design that will enhance, rather than impair performance. Although a single piece of equipment (e.g., an N95 mask) may cau only a minor degradation in performa
nce, multiple items ud in combination have additive effects which may significantly impair a clinician’ s ability to provide care.5 The authors have personally experienced this effect before the current pandemic but dismisd it as a mildly unpleasant, short-term problem. The COVID-19 pandemic requires that clinicians make continuous u of personal protective equipment for longer periods of time, exacerbating its effects on human performance. There is a paucity of information on the effects of prolonged u of the personal protective equipment required to care for COVID-19 patients, but at least one study has concluded that personal protective equipment produces negative effects on both the physical and mental health of healthcare workers.4
在过去，医疗设备的设计期望用户调整他或她的工作流程以适应设备。相反，设备的设计应该适应用户的需求。人因工程学的进步导致了设备设计的提高，而不是降低了性能。虽然单件设备(如N95口罩)可能只会导致轻微的性能下降，但组合使用多个项目会产生累加效应，这可能会严重削弱临床医生提供护理的能力。5作者在当前的大流行之前亲身经历过这种影响，但认为这是一个轻微的令人不快的短期问题而不屑一顾。新冠肺炎大流行要求临床医生在更长时间内持续使用个人防护装备，加剧了其对人类表现的影响。关于长时间使
用护理新冠肺炎患者所需的个人防护装备的影响的信息很少，但至少有一项研究得出结论，个人防护装备对医护人员的身心健康都会产生负面影响。4
The diver array of personal protective equipment worn by healthcare workers varies by location and availability and may also change over time. This lack of standardization can prevent clinicians from developing proficiency in its u and may negatively affect their ability to provide care.6 One possible advancement would be for health care systems, the government (e.g., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health), and organizations with experti to align and insist on higher and universal manufacturer standards for design, fit, and performance, which would allow for preemptive universal training, possibly translating to improved clinician safety and performance. This review will discuss how personal protective equipment can impair performance and propo immediate and long-term solutions for wearable, functional, and comfortable personal protective equipment in the patient care environment.
下午英语怎么写
医护人员穿戴的各式各样的个人防护装备因地点和可用性的不同而不同，也可能随着时间
的推移而变化。这种缺乏标准化可能会阻碍临床医生熟练地使用它，并可能对他们提供护理的能力产生负面影响。6一个可能的进步是医疗保健系统、政府(例如，国家职业安全与健康研究所)和具有专业知识的组织协调并坚持更高和通用的制造商设计、适配和性能标准，这将允许先发制人的普遍培训，可能转化为提高临床医生的安全性和绩效。这篇综述将讨论个人防护设备如何影响性能，并为患者护理环境中的可穿戴、功能性和舒适性个人防护设备提出即时和长期的解决方案。
全国爱牙日
Human performance: impact and countermeasures人类绩效:影响和对策
电阻串联When wearing personal protective equipment, factors such as thermal stress, limitations on hearing and vision, and restriction of movement exacerbate physical and attentional fatigue. The stressors placed on healthcare professionals through their work environment and the added burden of wearing personal protective equipment are cumulative.7 The “T ask-T axon-T ask” method can be ud to develop a predictive model of how physiologic and psychologic stressors can interact to impair a practitioner’ s ability to function in the clinical environment.7 This model assumes that each task us a
measurable t of skills taxons, and environmental stressors cau a decrement in each skill by a measurable amount.7 The decrea in performance can be predicted by rating the impact of the stressor on each skill, assigning each skill a proportion related to its importance to the task, then summing the total.7 For example, the T ask-T axon-T ask method can be ud to show that physical fatigue, impacting motor skills, is additive to sleep deprivation, impairing cognition. Figure 1 us this methodology to illustrate how impairment caud by wearing personal protective equipment is cumulative.
