《英美诗歌选读》课程教案第二讲首页
学生专业班级 | |
学 时 数情燃时分 | |
教学目的 | |
教学内容 | 英美诗歌的韵步数,包括单韵步行、双韵步行、三、四、五、六、七、八韵步行 |
教学重点 | 三、四、五韵步行 |
教学难点 | 韵步与韵步数之间的关系,如抑扬格五韵步行、扬抑格四韵步行,学生要理解并熟悉这些术语有一个过程 |
教学进程 | 食不甘味第一学时讲授单、双、三、四韵步行 第二学时讲授五、六、七、八韵步行 |
教学方法 | |
教 具 | |
课后总结 | |
作 业 | Give a definition of meter and the types of it |
| |
备注:教学进程一栏可根据教学内容的多少自定页数。
第二讲 英美诗歌的韵步数
第一节 单韵步行
解除查封申请书
单韵步诗行(monometer)是由一个韵步构成的诗行。例如斯科若的《希腊古瓮颂总结》,就是由单韵步诗行写成的诗:
Gods cha
Round va.
天津最低工资What say?
What play?
Don’t know.
Nice, though.
(Desmond Skirrow: Ode on a Grecian Urn Summarized)
完全由单韵步诗行构成的诗很稀有,单韵步诗行往往出现在多韵步诗行中间,如下面两个诗节中的第七、八诗行:
Go and catch a falling star,
Get with child a mandrake root,
Tell me where all past years are,
Or who cleft the Devil’s foot,
Teach me to hear mermaids’ singing,
Or to keep off envy’s stinging,
And find
What wind
Serves to advance an honest mind.
(John Donne: Song)
中秋英语作文第二节 双韵步行
双韵步诗行(dimeter)是由两个韵步构成的一行诗。例如:
Razors | pain you;
Rivers | are damp;
Acids | stain you;
And drugs | cau cramp.
Guns aren’t | lawful;
Noos | give;
Gas smells | awful;
You might | as well | live.
(Dorothy Parker: Résumé)
除了最后一行,其他诗行都是双韵步,而第六诗行的第二个韵步省略了非重读音节。
单韵步和双韵步组合的诗行,威廉斯的《红色手推车》是个代表性例子:
so much | depends
upon
a red | wheel
barrow
glazed | with rain
water
beside | the white
chickens.
(W. C. Williams: The Red Wheelbarrow)
第三节 三韵步行和四韵步行
三韵步诗行(trimeter)和四韵步诗行(tetrameter)是由三个韵步和四个韵步构成的诗行,例如:
While I | am ly| ing on | the grass
Thy two|fold shout | I hear
From hill | to hill | it ems | to pass
At once | far off | and near.
….
And I | can li|sten to | thee yet!
Can lie | upon | the plain
And li|sten, till |I do | beget
That gol|den time | again.
(William Wordsworth: To the Cuckoo)
在这首诗歌中,每个诗节的第一、三行是由四个韵步构成的诗行,而第二、四行则是由三个韵步构成的诗行。又如:
The Ma|riner, | who eye | is bright,
Who beard | with age | is hoar,
Is gone:| and now | the We|dding-Guest
Turned from | the bride|groom's door.
He went | like one | that hath | been stunned,
And is | of n | forlorn :
A sa|dder and | a wi|r man,
He ro | the mo|rrow morn.
(Samuel Taylor Coleridge: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner)
同样,每个诗节的第一、三行是由四个韵步构成的诗行,而第二、四行则是由三个韵步构成的诗行。
三韵步诗行不但常与四韵步诗行交叉使用,也常与双韵步诗行交叉使用。例如:
Winter|time nighs;
But my | bereave|ment-pain
It can|not bring | again:
Twice no | one dies.
Flower |-petal | flee;
But, since | it once | hath been,
No more | that |vering | scene
Can ha|rrow me.
Birds faint | in dread:
I shall | not lo | old strength
In the | lone frost’s | black length:
Strength long | since fled! 电动车安全宣传
(Thomas Hardy: In Tenebris)
几乎每个诗节的第一、四行是双韵步行(其中第二诗节第一行为三韵步行,第三韵步省略了非重读音节)。第二、三行为三韵步行。
四韵步行还用于抑抑扬格和扬抑抑格韵步。如拜伦描写《圣经》中的亚述王在宫廷政变中被杀的诗歌《赛纳克里布的毁灭》第三个诗节,就是标准的抑抑扬格四韵步诗行:
_ _ / _ _ / _ _ / _ _ /
For the An|gel of Death | spread his wings | on the blast,
_ / _ _ / _ _ / _ _ /
And breathed | in the face | of the foe | as he pasd;
_ _ / _ _ / _ _ / _ _ /
And the eyes | of the slee|pers waxed dead|ly and chill,
_ _ / _ _ / _ _ / _ _ /
And their hearts | but once heaved|, and for e|ver grew still!
(Lord Byron: The Destruction of Sennacherib)
每行诗共十二个音节,划分为四个韵步,每个韵步由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节组成。其中第二行第一个韵步省略了一个非重读音节。
第四节 五韵步行
五韵步诗行(pentameter)是由五个韵步构成的诗行。英语诗歌中的五韵步诗行一般都是由五个抑扬格韵步组成,这样的诗行叫抑扬格五韵步诗行(iambic pentameter),这种诗行迄今为止,仍然是英语中使用最多的诗行。例如丁尼生的《提脱诺斯》第一诗节:
The woods | decay|, the woods | decay | and fall,
The va|pors weep | their bur|then to | the ground,
Man comes | and tills | the field | and lies | beneath,
And af|ter ma|ny a | summer | dies the | swan.
Me on|ly cru|el im|morta|lity
Consumes: | I wi|ther slow|ly in | thine arms,
Here at | the qui|et li|mit of | the world,
A white|-hair’d sha|dow roa|ming like | a dream
The e|ver-si|lent spa|ces of | the East,
Far-fol|ded mists|, and glea|ming halls | of morn.
(Alfred Tennyson: Tithonus)
每行诗都是十个音节,几乎每个韵步都是抑扬格。当然,抑扬格韵步行的诗歌并非每个韵步都是抑扬格,往往有非抑扬格韵步的变化,如上面这个诗节的第五行,第三、五韵步就属于抑抑格,具体分析如下:
soider _ / _ / _ _ _ / _ _
Me on|ly cru|el im|morta|lity
莎士比亚的十四行诗都是抑扬格五韵步诗行,但几乎每首十四行诗中都可以找到至少一个非抑扬格韵步。以最著名的《我可以把你比作夏天吗?》为例:
_ / _ / _ / _ / _ /
But thy | eter|nal sum|mer shall |not fade,
度的词语 _ / _ / _ _ _ / _ /
Nor lo | pos|ssion of | that fair | thou ow’st.
这里第二行的第三个韵步是抑抑格。甚至第一行第一、四个韵步都可以读成抑抑格,第五个韵步可以读成扬扬格。
除了抑扬格韵步,五韵步还用于其他步格的韵步,如阿诺德的《靠自己》第一诗节:
/ _ _ _ / _ / _ / _