关于PARAPHRASE
扣子七
paraphra是最重要的一种英文技能：所谓的用英文思考最终就体现在能用不同的句子表达相同的东西。paraphra在雅思考试中的听说读写任何一个项目中都是很重要的。而且，换种方式去表达相同内容的能力也是到国外大学写论文时候必须具备的基本技能。所以平时大家一定得训练自己这种能力，而雅思阅读文章里面的任何一道题都是非常完美的paraphra 练习：题干中的句子和原文中的句子一定存在着某种程度的paraphra。
以下是一些常见的paraprha的方法：使用同义词，转换词性，转换语态，句子关系替换等。具体例子如下，划线部分皆有替换关系，同学们仔细体会：
1.使用同义词：
西塘黄酒
It is worth looking at one or two aspects of the way a mother behaves towards her baby. paraphra:
田七炖鸡
It is uful to obrve veral features of how a mother acts when she is with her small child.
2. 句子关系替换：画艾莎公主
Similarly, the muscles will not grow in length unless they are attached to tendons and bones so that as the bones lengthen, they are stretched.
paraphra:
Likewi, if the muscles are not attached to tendons and bones so that as the bones lengthen, they are stretched, they will not grow in length.
3. 转变词性：
The bomb exploded and caud many casualties.
paraphra: The explosion caud many casualties.
4. 改变语态
We can relate a study of this kind to texts in other media too
paraphra:
A study of this kind can be related to texts in other media too.什么即景作文
5. 综合
It has long been known that Cairo is the most populous city on earth, but no-one knew exactly how populous it was until last month.
paraphra:
Although Cairo has been the world's most heavily populated city for many years, the preci population was not known until four weeks ago.
[摘要]英语专业低年级学生在《基础英语》学习过程中，一看到paraphra，总感到无所适从。Paraphra要求学生正确理解原文的意思，同时用更加简单的语言表达出来。本文对其原则方法进行了探讨。
[关键词]基础英语Paraphra 重要作用原则方法
《基础英语》课程是英语专业低年级阶段一门重要的专业基础课，对学生英语技能的培养和提高起着重要作用，是为其高年级阶段专业课的学习奠定语言基础的重要课程。通过几年的《基础英语》教学，笔者发现，学生在该课程的学习过程中，遇到难懂的句子时，通常的解决方法是查看参考书中的汉语翻译。且不说翻译的局限性决定了有些句子的译文和原文的不完全对等，单从其不利于学生运用英语进行思考和表达的角度来说，这种方法是不可取的。那么，如何正确理解英语中的疑难句子呢?Paraphra是一种不错的方法。
何谓paraphra?根据《新英汉词典》，其意思是“释义，意译”，但这还不足以清楚表达paraphra的内涵。根据Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English，paraphra指的是“r e-expression of something written or said in different words，especially words that are easier to understand”。由此可见，paraphra包含两个方面：一是用不同的词表达与原文相同的意思，二是用来重新表达的词要更简单易懂。那么，掌握paraphra对学生在两个方面的提高有重要作用，一是对英语中较难内容的理解能力，二是运用英语进行表达的能力。
在明白paraphra的重要性和基本要求之后，学生需要了解如何正确地对句子进行paraphra。尽管对此并无定论，但其操作性还是有章可循的。笔者根据自己几年的《基础英语》教学经验，对于什么时候需要paraphra以及如何paraphra提出几条方法。
一、替换原句中的单词
大海螺的做法这是paraphra最简单的方法，就是对原文中较正式的、抽象的、罕见的词、或使用非常规意义的常用词或短语用通俗易懂的词或短语来代替。使用这种方法时，通常不需要对句子的其它部分进行改动。如：
In the distance，I spotted a couple approaching.
→In the distance，I saw a couple coming near.
二、解释原句中的较难部分
这种方法针对的通常是句子中的专业术语、婉语和俚语。这些词汇或短语的意义仅仅从其表面意义来理解还远远不够，需要用更简单通俗易懂的词或句子来解释。
1.专业术语
During this time，students are going through an identity crisis and are endeavoring to find out who they are and what their strengths and weakness are.
Identity crisis是心理学术语，用汉语来说叫“认同危机”，但仅仅如此学生还是无法理解其意义，我们需要使其更加具体，其含义是“the difficulties，confusions and anxieties that you go through during adolescence when you are not sure who you really are and what your purpo in life is”.
2.委婉语
We already have 2.4 million people under some form of correctional supervision，412，000 of them locked away in a prison cell.
Correctional supervision从字面上看是“矫正监督”，这其实是一种委婉的说法，其意义是“being discipli
ned，or being made to improve one's behavior under the control of the community，etc.as a punishment”.我们可以将上述句子paraphra如下：
In this country，there are already 2.4 million people who are receiving punishment in one form or another；412，000 of them are kept in prison.
3.俚语
Are we suppod to believe that he didn't get up and run to the door and e the kid beat it downstairs 15 conds after the killing?
Beat一词在此不再是“打”的意思，而是walk or run very quickly。那么以上句子可解释为：Should we believe that he didn't get up and run to the door and e the kid run very quickly downstairs 15 conds after the killing?
三、改变句子成分
有时候，英语中时间或地点状语被用作主语，在paraphra时应当将其成分改变。如：Night found him legweary，with hands and face lashed by the branches，on a thickly wooded ridge.
→He felt his leg tired when night came，and his hands and face were lashed by the branches on a thickly wooded ridge.
四、将长句拆分
通常在面对一个较长的句子时使用此方法，首先要正确划分句子成分，然后将长句分解
王子和公主
成简单句。如：
Obviously then，an inct that lives on wheat can build up its population to much higher levels on a farm devoted to wheat than on one in which wheat is intermingled with other crops to which the inct is not adapted.
这个长句中看起来非常复杂，其主干实际上是an inct can build up its population to much higher levels on a farm than on one，inct后面有定语从句来修饰，farm和one分别由过去分词和定语从句修饰，在清楚了句子的结构以后，我们可以将其拆分成几个简单句如下：On a plot，only wheat is grown，and on another plot，wheat and other crops are mixed together.The number of an inct living on the former will become bigger than that living on the latter.
糖醋藕片五、个别变一般
You will e to it that the cyanide stays out of the aspirin，that the bull doesn't jump the fence，or that your client doesn't go to the electric chair as a result of your incompetence.上述话语列举了一个人作为药剂师、工程师或者律师时失职的一个方面，用来代替这个职业中的失职行为，我们需要将这种具体行为一般化，那就是失职。
→You have to take responsibility for the work you do.If you're a pharmacist，you should make sure that aspirin is not mixed with poisonous chemicals.As an engineer，you shouldn't get things out of control.If you become a lawyer，you should make sure an innocent person is not ntenced to death becau you lack adequate legal knowledge and skill to defend your client.
六、将句子放到上下文中理解
Nobody has to prove otherwi.Innocent until proven guilty.
Otherwi有一项意思为“in another or a different way”，但由于上文提到过2号陪审员认为被告有罪只是因为无人能证明他无罪，于是8号陪审员说了上述话。意思是Nobody has to prove that the accud is not guilty.He is innocent until he is proven guilty.
七、将隐喻转换为通俗的意义
Soon I began to e her almost every weekend，and my well of knowledge about natural history began to brim over.
在这里，作者将自己的知识储备比喻成一口井，知识储备的增加好像要溢出井的水。
→I learnt a lot about natural history from her，and my knowledge in this respect is like a well，which is so full that it began to spill out.
以上是笔者在教学中总结的几个方面，但仅有上述技巧是不够的，还需要学习者大量的练习；同时上述原则也不是彼此对立的，有时候学习者需要同时遵循几条原则。Paraphra 也不是纯技巧性的实践，它还需要学习者不断扩大自己的知识面，了解英语语言国家的历史文化、风俗习惯以及政治等各个方面的知识，只有如此，才能更加了解写作者本身的意图，增强自己的理解力，也才能丰富自己的表达能力。
George Washington was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic. He was the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army in the War of Independence against the British colonial rule and the first President of the United States.
1.Commonwealth (1931)
The commonwealth (of Nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers. The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation.
