语言学第五章要点
我的成长故事作文600字Chapter 5 Semantics 语义学
1.What is mantics？什么是语义学？
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Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.
语义学可定义为对语言意义的研究。
2.Some views concerning the study of meaning
语义研究的几种主要理论
1)The naming theory 命名论
It was propod by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words ud in a language are taken t
o be labels of the objects they stand for. So words are just names or labels for things.
命名论是最原始的语义理论，是古希腊学者柏拉图提出的。该理论把词看作是该词所指事物的名称或标记。
2)The conceptualist view 意念论
思想觉悟
The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.
意念论认为，语言形式及其所代表的对象之间（即语言与现实世界之间）没有直接联系；确切地说，在理解语义时，是通过大脑中存在意念这一中介物来联系的。
3)Contextualism 语境论鲜花真实照片
Contextualism is bad on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or re
duce meaning to obrvable contexts. Two kinds of context are recognized: the situational context and the linguistic context.
语境论以这样的假设为基础：人们可以从显而易见的语境中推知或归纳出语义。语境有两种：情景语境和语言语境。
语境论认为语言的意义离不开使用语言的语境，语义不是抽象的，它存在于语境之中，它来自语境，取决于语境。
4)人力资源管理师报考条件Behaviorism 行为主义论
Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the respon it calls forth in the hearer.” This theory, somewhat clo to contextualism, is linked with psychological interest.
语义的行为主义论和语义的语境论有相似之处，它也把语义放到语境中去研究，但它更注重人的心理活动，认为语言的意义存在于语言使用者在交际过程中对听到话语的反应。
3.Sen and reference 意义和所指
They are two related but different aspects of meaning.
它们是词汇意义的既相互联系又有所不同的两个方面。
1)Sen is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compliers are interested in.
意义关心的是语言形式的内在意义。它是语言形式所有特征的总和，它是抽象且脱离语境的。它是词典编写者们所感兴趣的语义方面。
简单地说，意义是词汇内在的，抽象的，游离于语境之外的意义。
2)Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience.
未来的规划
所指是语言形式在现实世界中所指称的东西；涉及语言成分和非语言的经验世界的关系。
简单地说，所指是词汇在特定的语境中所指称的具体事物。
4.Major n relations 主要意义关系
涉世之初
1）Synonymy 同义关系
Synonymy refers to the sameness or clo similarity of meaning. Words that are clo in meaning are called synonyms.
同义现象指的是语义的相同或相近。词义相近的词叫同义词。
According to the way they differ, synonyms can be divided into the following groups:
a)Dialectal synonyms – synonyms ud in different regional dialects.
British English and American English are the two major geographical varieties of the English language.
方言同义词 － 用在不同地域方言中的同义词。
英国英语和美国英语是英语的两大地理变体。
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