Gender studies
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Gender studies is a field of interdisciplinary study and academic field意见反馈 devoted to gender identity and gendered reprentation as central categories of analysis. This field includes women's studies (concerning women, feminism, gender, and politics), men's studies, and端午节图片大全 LGBT studies.[1]Sometimes, gender studies is offered together with study of xuality. The disciplines study gender and xuality in the fields of literature, language, history, political science, sociology, anthropology, cinema, media studies, human development, law, and medicine.[2] It also analyzesrace, ethnicity, location, nationality, and disability.[3][4]
Gender study has many different forms. One view espoud by the philosopher Simone de Beauvoir said: "One is not born a woman, one becomes one".[5]This view propos that in gender studies, the term "gender" should be ud to refer to the social and cultural construc
tions of masculinities and femininities, not to the state of being male or female in its entirety.[6] However, this view is not held by all gender theorists. Other areas[which?] of gender study cloly examine the role that the biological states of being male or female (anatomical, physiological, and genetical explanations of male and female body parts, structure and nature of functions of body organs, genetic carriers etc.) have on social constructs of gender. Specifically, in what way gender roles are defined by biology and how they are defined by cultural trends. The field emerged from a number of different areas: the sociology of the 1950s and later (e Sociology of gender); the theories of the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan; and the work of feminists such as Judith Butler.
Gender is an important area of study in many disciplines, such as literary theory, drama studies, film theory, performance theory, contemporary art history, anthropology, sociology, sociolinguistics and psychology. The disciplines sometimes differ in their approaches to how and why they study gender. For instance in anthropology, sociology and psychology, gender is often studied as a practice, whereas in cultural studies reprentations of gender are more often examined. In politics, gender can be viewed as
a foundational discour that political actors employ in order to position themlves on a variety of issues.[7] Gender studies is also a discipline in itlf: an interdisciplinary area of study that incorporates methods and approaches from a wide range of disciplines.[8]
Each field came to regard "gender" as a practice, sometimes referred to as something that is performative.[9] Feminist theory of psychoanalysis, articulated mainly by Julia Kristeva[10] (the "miotic" and "abjection") and Bracha Ettinger[11] (the feminine-prematernal-maternal matrixial Eros of borderlinking and com-passion,[12] "matrixial trans-subjectivity" and the "primal mother-phantasies"),[13] and informed both by Freud, Lacan and the object relations theory, is very influential in gender studies.
Contents
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∙ 感恩黑板报1 Influences of gender studies
o 1.1 Gender studies and psychoanalytic theory
高人一筹
▪ 1.1.1 Sigmund Freud
▪ 1.1.2 Jacques Lacan
▪ 1.1.3 Julia Kristeva
▪ 1.1.4 Bracha Ettinger
▪ 1.1.5 Mark Blechner
o 1.2 Literary theory
o 1.3 Post-modern influence
∙ 2 The development of gender theory
o 2.1 History of gender studies
o 2.2 Women's studies
o 2.3 Men's studies
o 2.4 Judith Butler
∙ 3 Respons
∙ 4 Other people who work is associated with gender studies
∙ 5 See also
∙ 6 References
∙ 7 Bibliography
不留余地∙ 8 External links
正宗油焖笋的做法Influences of gender studies[edit]
Gender studies and psychoanalytic theory[edit]
Sigmund Freud[edit]
Some feminist critics[who?] have dismisd the work of Sigmund Freud as xist, becau of his view that women are 'mutilated and must learn to accept their lack of a penis' (in Freud's terms a "deformity").[14]
On the other hand, feminist theorists such as Juliet Mitchell, Nancy Chodorow, Jessica Benjamin, Jane Gallop, Bracha Ettinger,一年级睡前故事 Shoshana Felman,Grilda Pollock,[15] Luce Irigaray and Jane Flax have developed a Feminist psychoanalysis and argued that psychoanalytic theory is vital to the feminist project and must, like other theoretical traditions, be criticized by women as well as transformed to free it from vestiges of xism (i.e. being censored). Shulamith Firestone, in "The Dialectic of Sex" calls Freudianism the misguided feminism and discuss how Freudianism is almostcompletely accurate, with the exception of one crucial detail: everywhere that Freud writes "penis", the word should be replaced with "power".
Jacques Lacan[edit]
Lacan's theory of xuation organizes femininity and masculinity according to different unconscious structures. Both male and female subjects participate in the "phallic" organization, and the feminine side of xuation is "supplementary" and not opposite or complementary.[16] Sexuation (xual situation) — the development of gender-roles and role-play in childhood — breaks down concepts of gender identity as innate or biologically determined. (clarify-refutes?challenges?)[17] Critics like Elizabeth Grosz accu Jacques Lacan of maintaining a xist tradition in psychoanalysis.[18] Others, such as Judith Butler, Bracha Ettinger and Jane Gallop have ud Lacanian work, though in a critical way, to develop gender theory.[19][20][21]
Julia Kristeva[edit]
Main article: Julia Kristeva
Julia Kristeva has significantly developed the field of miotics. In her work on 詹姆斯英文名abjection, she structures subjectivity upon the abjection of the mother and argues that the way in w
hich an individual excludes (or abjects) their mother as means of forming an identity is similar to the way in which societies are constructed. She contends that patriarchal cultures, like individuals, have to exclude the maternal and the feminine so that they can come into being.[22]
Bracha Ettinger[edit]
Main article: Bracha Ettinger
Bracha Ettinger transformed subjectivity in contemporary psychoanalysis since the early 1990s with the Matrixial[23] feminine-maternal and prematernal Eros[12] of borderlinking (bordureliance), borderspacing (bordurespacement) and co-emergence. The matrixial feminine difference defines a particular gaze[24] and it is a source for trans-subjectivity and transjectivity[25] in both males and females. Ettinger rethinks the human subject as informed by the archaic connectivity to the maternal and propos the idea of a Demeter-Perphone Complexity.[26]
