英语国家社会与文化入门2名词解释
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第一篇：英语国家社会与文化入门2名词解释
1.American Indians
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American Indians , who were mistakenly called by Columbus, moved to the
Americas from Asia about 25 000 years ago.They developed their own aboriginal cultures and some of them such as the Aztecs, the Incas and the mayas were very advanced when Europeans arrived in the New World.But, as a result of European conquest, the Indian population was quickly reduced and their cultures were ruthlessly destroyed.2.the Declaration of Independence
The Declaration of Independence was mainly drafted by Thomas Jefferson and was adopted by the Congresson July 4,1776, when the people of 13 English colonies in North America were fighting for
their freedom and independence from the British colonial rule.The document
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declared that all men were equal and that they were entitled to have some unalienable rights such as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.It also explained the philosophy of governments:the powers of governments came from the connt of the governed and the purpo of governmemts was to cure the rights mentioned above.The theory of politics and the guiding principles of the American Revolution mainly came from John Locke.3.Ggeorge Washington
George Washington was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic.He was the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army in the War of Independence against the British colonial rule and the first President of the United States.4.Thomas Jefferson感恩陪伴
Thomas Jefferson was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic He was the chief author of the Declaration of Independence and the third President of the United States.5.Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic.He participated in writing the Declaration of Independence and making the U.S.Constitution.6.
the Articles of Confederation
After the War of Independence was won, the new nation of the United States was organized under the agreement of the Articles of Confederation with a weak national
government called the Congress.Each state had its own government, made its own laws and handle its internal affairs.The states did not cooperate with the Congress and with each other.The Congress had no power to force anystate to contribute money to the national government and the Congress could not tax any citizen either.As a ressult,the Articles of Confederation failed.7.the Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights consssists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791.The Bill of Rights was pasd to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech, the right to asmble in public places, the right to own weapons and so on.8.Eli Whitney
Eli Whitney is an American inventor who invented the cotton gin, which made
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removing the eds from the bolls of cotton much easier.He also began manufacuring rifles with machinery, using interchanageable part.This contributed to the American system of mass
production.9.rvice industries
Service industries are industries that ll a rvice rather than make a product.Service industries range from banking to telecommunications to the provision of meals in restaurants.Aas more and more people are employed iin rvice industries in the US, it is sometimed said that the US has moved into a “post-industrial era “.10.stock
When starting or expanding business, corporations need to borrow money.They may issue stocks for people to buy.When people buy stock, they become part owner of the company.If the company makes a profit, they receive a share of it.Likewi, if the company los money, the stockholders will not make a profit or the value of their shares will drop---they lo money.Therefore buying s tock is a risk.11.Mattin Luther Ling,Jr
Martin Luther King,Jr.,an Atlanta-born Baptist minister, was the leader of the
Southern Christian Leadership Conference during the civil rights movement of the 1960s.To promote his philosophy of nonviolent protest against gregationand other kindds of social injustice, King organized a ries of “marches”.King delivered his famous “I Have a Dream” speech.Due to his strong belief in nonviolent peaceful protest, King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.He was assassinated in the city of Memphis in April 1968.12.Counter Culture
In the wake of the Free Speech Movement and the New Left appeared a
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phenomenon that historians called the “counter culture.” The Counter Culture rejected capitalism andd other American principles.They had morals different from tho taught by their parents.Some groups of youth tried to construct different ways of life.The counter culture exerted a great influence upon people’s attitudes toward social惩处
