第六讲 汉语成语及四字格的翻译
初二上册英语书一．汉语成语的翻译方法：
大讨论成语是人们长期使用的、结构基本固定的短语或短句，结构紧密，意义精辟，是语言修辞手段和文化积淀的集中体现。有的成语具有鲜明直观的形象，如：哀鸿遍野、笨鸟先飞、
敝帚自珍等。有的成语来源与历史典故与民间传说，如：问鼎中原、单刀赴会、塞翁失马等。还有的结构对称、音韵协调，讲求和谐、对称美，如：春花秋月、龙腾虎跃、欢天喜地等。翻译时可采取不同的方法进行相应的处理。
1．直译法：在不违背译文语言规范、不引起错误联想的前提下，可采用直译法，既保留了原文的表达方式，也能最大限度地在译文中再现成语中的形象和修饰色彩。
如鱼得水 feel just like fish in water
临阵磨枪 sharpen one’s spear only before going into battle
狐假虎威 the fox borrows the tiger’s terror
才鱼 对牛弹琴 play the harp to a bull
雨后春笋 like bamboo shoots after a spring shower
一寸光阴一寸金 an inch of time is an inch of gold
但是，也有许多成语会引起错误的联想，应舍弃成语中的比喻和形象，灵活采取其他翻译策略，在译文中传达出该成语的蕴涵意义。
胸有成竹 have a bamboo in one’s stomach
肩肘倒立
have a well-thought-out plan before doing something
2．意译法：汉语成语具有的民族文化特色在很多情况下在译语中难以用直译法再现，为了确保译文读者准确理解成语的意义，常用意译手法。
手忙脚乱 in a frantic rush
立竿见影 get instant results
感恩祖国的手抄报
噤若寒蝉 keep quiet
明火执仗 do evil things openly
牵肠挂肚 be full of anxiety and worry
快马加鞭 speed up
狗急跳墙 do something desperate
单枪匹马 all by onelf
顺手牵羊 walk off with something
3．套译法：套用法是指套用译语中某个与汉语成语喻义相近的成语来进行翻译的方法。
1）两个成语的字面意义和蕴涵意义基本一致
浑水摸鱼 fish in troubled waters
自投罗网 throw onelf into the trap
嗤之以鼻 turn up one’s no at
一触即发 touch and go
空中楼阁 castles in the air
2）两个成语的比喻形象有所差异，但比喻意义基本一致
缘木求鱼 ek a hare in hen’s nest
挥金如土 spend money like water
瓮中之鳖 like a rat in a hole
胆小如鼠 as timid as a hare
笑掉大牙 laugh off one’s head
抛砖引玉 to throw a sprat to catch herring
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4．加注法：在译文中添加读者理解成语所需的文化信息和背景知识，其特点在于既能保留成语的比喻形象和文化蕴涵，又能确保译文容易为译语读者所理解接受。
姜太公钓鱼，愿者上钩 like the fish rising to Jiang Tai Gong’s hookless and baitless line.
1) like the fish rising to Jiang Tai Gong’s hookless and baitless line (Jiang Tai
油炸蚕蛹
Gong was a very wi man. He ud to fish by the Wei River with a hookless and baitless line, actually waiting for King Wen of Zhou to find him and make him his prime minister. After King Wen’s death, he helped King Wu to defeat the last king of the Shang Dynasty (about 1700-1100 B. C.) and found the Zhou Dynasty (about 1100-771 B.C.). The fish in the idiom alludes to a person who willingly plays into someone’s hands.
2) like the fish rising to Jiang Tai Gong’s hookless and baitless line.
Note: Jiang Tai Gong was a very wi man. He ud to fish by the Wei River with a hookless and baitless line, actually waiting for King Wen of Zhou to find him and make hi
m his prime minister. After King Wen’s death, he helped King Wu to defeat the last king of the Shang Dynasty (about 1700-1100 B. C.) and found the Zhou Dynasty (about 1100-771 B.C.). The fish in the idiom alludes to a person who willingly plays into someone’s hands.
但是，加注法会影响阅读的流畅性，因此，应该慎用此法。
二．汉语四字格的翻译方法：
汉语中的四字结构即四字格在汉语表达中具有极高的使用频率。四字格结构稳定，在修辞效果上可达到音韵整齐，掷地有声、气势庞大的效果。四字格结构的类型大致有主谓关系的，如波涛汹涌、经济复苏、机构改革等；动宾关系，如：抓住机遇、迎接挑战、创造条件等；动补关系，如：办事高效、动力十足、干劲冲天等；并列关系，如：求真务实、脱胎换骨、乘风破浪等；偏正关系，如；认真对待、细致分析、大胆设想等。
饺子馅的做法大全
西方人注重逻辑思维，同时，英语是一种非常严谨的语言。虽然英语也有华丽的文采，但主要建立在语言晓畅，逻辑清楚的基础之上，文字的堆砌和意义的繁复是英文的大忌。而
中文四字格词语讲究结构对仗和文采华丽，词义虚实相伴，翻覆重叠，因此，在翻译中切不可不分词义虚实，不顾思维差异，应摆脱汉语的习惯，使译文符合英文的表达习惯。
例1．
中华大地，江河纵横；华夏文化，源远流长......轻快的龙舟如银河流星,瑰丽的彩船似海市蜃楼, 两岸那金碧辉煌的彩楼,连成一片的水晶宫, 是仙境? 是梦境? 仰视彩鸽翻飞，低眸漂灯留霓，焰火怒放，火树银花，灯舞回旋，千姿百态......
The divine land of China has its rivers flowing across; the brilliant culture of China has its roots tracing back long.
The light-some dragon-boats appear on the river as though the stars twinkle in the milkway. The richly decorated pleasure boats like a scene of mirage. The splendid awnings in green and gold chain into a palace of crystal. Is this a fairy-land or a mere dream? Looking above, you can e the beautiful doves flying. Looking below, you can e the sailing lamps glittering. Cracking are the fireworks, which prent you a picture of
fiery trees and silver flowers. Circling are the lanern-dancers, who prent you a variation of
例 2.
