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Everybody loves a fat pay ri. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed n of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.
第一段以“人类的公平意识”作为引子，引出文章主题“动物也有公平意识246810打一成语”。①至③句以生动的例子（“加薪不公平引起不满”）说明了人类普遍存在的公平意识。④⑤句构成让步转折关系，即，虽然公平意识被认为是人类特有的行为，但是研究却发现它也是猴子所具有的。
The rearchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much clo
r attention to the value of “goods and rvices” than males.
第二段第①句指出研究对象——雌性卷尾猴。②至④句按照重要性从小到大的顺序（…above all）解释了用雌性卷尾猴作为研究对象的原因。
Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waal’s study. The rearchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in parate but adjoining chambers, so that each could obrve what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
第三段首句承上启下，概括第二段内容，并引起下文对研究的具体情况的介绍。②句介绍研究的前提。③④指出研究的新发现。
In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token,
the cond was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tosd her own token at the rearcher or out of the chamber, or refud to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere prence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce rentment in a female capuchin.
第四段对研究过程和结果做详细叙述。
忠犬八公经典台词The rearchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it ems, are not the prerve of people alone. Refusing a lesr reward completely makes the feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a n of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common an
cestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
第五段第①句承接前文，概括研究结论：猴子也受社会情感的支配。秦怡造型②③句解释说明①句：猴子一旦感到被欺骗，就会打破其原有的合作格局。④句进而呼应手段指出，不公平引起的愤怒感不是人类的专利，猴子也有这种情感。⑤⑥句指出，这种公平意识的作用是向其他成员准确无误地传达情绪，但如何进化而成还不得而知。
21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by______
在文章开始段落，作者引入主题的方法。
[A] posing a contrast. 形成对照 [B] justifying an assumption. 证明一种假定正确
[C] making a comparison. 做出比较 [D] explaining a phenomenon. 解释一种现象
年夜饭卡通图片本题就引入主题的方式提问。考生首先应找到主题。第一段先举了一个例子：当知道懒散的同事拿到比自己更多的薪水时，每个人都会恨气愤。接着文章指出，这样的行为被看做
是“人之常情”，它潜在地假定了其他动物没有这种高度发达的不满情绪。最后一句指出，但是研究表明，猴子也有类似的情感。作者通过将猴子与人做比较，找出它们的相似之处，从而提出文章主题。随后的段落则围绕这一主题展开论述。因此C正确。炒年糕做法A是比较两事物的不同点。B与原文相反，原文是推翻而非证明一个假定。原文提到了发生在人类身上的一个现象，但并未就此提出主题，排除D。
此类题型在考研阅读理解中首次出现，主要考查考生对文章结构框架的了解，包括文章开头、结尾方式及段落的拓展技巧等。本题考查考生对第一段结构框架的把握。应注意的是：一，转折连词but小蜈蚣有毒吗出现在第一段往往标志着主题的出现。二、all too human…all too monkey的呼应突出了相似性的比较，
22. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Paragraph 1) implies that______
（第一段最后一行）陈述的it is all too monkey暗示_____
[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.懒散的对手也会让猴子感到愤慨。
[B] renting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature.对不公平待遇不满也是猴子的天性。
[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.和人一样，猴子也往往相互妒忌。
[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.
除了猴子，没有其他动物可以产生这样的情感。
运动儿歌
对it is all too monkey的理解要结合上下文。上文提到，人类遭到不公平待遇时往往会感到愤慨，这种行为被看作是“人之常情”（all too human）；接着文章又指出，研究表明着也是“猴之长情”（all too monkey）。可见，该陈述在文中表达的意思是猴子也会有类似的情感表达。因此B正确。A中outraged by slack rivals是第一段论述人类行为时举的一个具体事例，从文中我们无法得知它也适用于猴子。C具有迷惑性，但文章多出提到猴子和人类的共性不是“相互嫉妒”辞职通知书怎么写，而是“对不公平待遇的愤怒”，如：④句提到“这是一种高度发达的不满情绪”，最后一段④句也提到“对不正当事情的愤怒不是人类特有的情感”。D明显错误，文中用猴子代表“动物”，而非将猴子和其他动物对立起来。B是it is all too monkey的深层含义，是主旨的阐述，需要根据上下文将其明确。A和C生搬硬套，根据①②句例子中人的行为设置干扰，没有概括出作者通过比较要表达的主题。D偷换比较对
象，将猴子和人类偷换成猴子和其他动物。
23. Female capuchin monkeys were chon for the rearch most probably becau they are______
此卷尾猴被选来做研究最有可能是因为他们____
[A] more inclined to weigh what they get. 更喜欢权衡比较它们所得到的东西
[B] attentive to rearchers’ instructions. 注意听从研究者的指令
